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- <p>Why does this code gives output <code>C++Sucks</code>? Can anyone explain the concept behind it?</p>
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-<pre><code>#include <cstdio>
-double m[]= {7709179928849219.0, 771};
-int main()
-{
- m[1]--?m[0]*=2,main():printf((char*)m);
-}
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-<p>Here is the Ideone link: <a href="http://ideone.com/PM4qan">http://ideone.com/PM4qan</a></p>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Magic! And a bit of recursion. But mostly magic.</span> – <a href="/users/1056003/nijansen" title="1644 reputation" class="comment-user">nijansen</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:19:10Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Don't forget Undefined Behaviour!</span> – <a href="/users/1171191/bobtfish" title="4341 reputation" class="comment-user">BoBTFish</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:22:04Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@BobTFish The coolest tricks in C always rely on UB, that's why it's impossible to get a 20 yr old game running on a modern machine.</span> – <a href="/users/1056003/nijansen" title="1644 reputation" class="comment-user">nijansen</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:23:02Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">C++ only sucks the way the author of this code uses it.</span> – <a href="/users/241536/john-dibling" title="43372 reputation" class="comment-user">John Dibling</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 12:06:03Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">He could just do <code>puts("C++Sucks");</code>. Those C people always over-complicate simple things.</span> – <a href="/users/412080/maxim-yegorushkin" title="20476 reputation" class="comment-user">Maxim Yegorushkin</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 14:17:37Z" class="relativetime-clean">14 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>The number <code>7709179928849219.0</code> has the following binary representation as a 64-bit <code>double</code>:</p>
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-<pre><code>01000011 00111011 01100011 01110101 01010011 00101011 00101011 01000011
-+^^^^^^^ ^^^^---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
-</code></pre>
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-<p><code>+</code> shows the position of the sign; <code>^</code> of the exponent, and <code>-</code> of the mantissa (i.e. the value without the exponent).</p>
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-<p>Since the representation uses binary exponent and mantissa, doubling the number increments the exponent by one. Your program does it precisely 771 times, so the exponent which started at 1075 (decimal representation of <code>10000110011</code>) becomes 1075 + 771 = 1846 at the end; binary representation of 1846 is <code>11100110110</code>. The resultant pattern looks like this:</p>
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-<pre><code>01110011 01101011 01100011 01110101 01010011 00101011 00101011 01000011
--------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
-0x73 's' 0x6B 'k' 0x63 'c' 0x75 'u' 0x53 'S' 0x2B '+' 0x2B '+' 0x43 'C'
-</code></pre>
-
-<p>This pattern corresponds to the string that you see printed, only backwards. At the same time, the second element of the array becomes zero, providing null terminator, making the string suitable for passing to <code>printf</code>.</p>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Why is the string backwards?</span> – <a href="/users/1538531/derek" title="666 reputation" class="comment-user">Derek</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 13:26:41Z" class="relativetime-clean">15 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@Derek x86 is little-endian</span> – <a href="/users/1782465/angew" title="16950 reputation" class="comment-user">Angew</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 13:36:34Z" class="relativetime-clean">15 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@Derek This is because of the platform-specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness#Endianness_and_hardware" rel="nofollow">endianness</a>: the bytes of the abstract IEEE 754 representation are stored in memory at decreasing addresses, so the string prints correctly. On hardware with big endianness one would need to start with a different number.</span> – <a href="/users/335858/dasblinkenlight" title="166179 reputation" class="comment-user">dasblinkenlight</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 13:38:12Z" class="relativetime-clean">15 hours ago</span></span><span class="edited-yes" title="this comment was edited"></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@AlvinWong You are correct, the standard does not require IEEE 754 or any other specific format. This program is about as non-portable as it gets, or very close to it :-)</span> – <a href="/users/335858/dasblinkenlight" title="166179 reputation" class="comment-user">dasblinkenlight</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 15:14:08Z" class="relativetime-clean">13 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@GrijeshChauhan I used a <a href="http://www.binaryconvert.com/convert_double.html" rel="nofollow">double-precision IEEE754 calculator</a>: I pasted the <code>7709179928849219</code> value, and got the binary representation back.</span> – <a href="/users/335858/dasblinkenlight" title="166179 reputation" class="comment-user">dasblinkenlight</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 20:59:23Z" class="relativetime-clean">8 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>More readable version:</p>
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-<pre><code>double m[2] = {7709179928849219.0, 771};
-// m[0] = 7709179928849219.0;
-// m[1] = 771;
-
-int main()
-{
- if (m[1]-- != 0)
- {
- m[0] *= 2;
- main();
- }
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- printf((char*) m);
- }
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-<p>It recursively calls <code>main()</code> 771 times. In the beginning <code>m[0] = 7709179928849219.0</code>, which <a href="http://ideone.com/CrF1Dh">stands</a> for <code>C++Suc;C</code>. In every call, <code>m[0]</code> gets doubled, to "repair" last two letters. In the last call, <code>m[0]</code> contains ASCII char representation of <code>C++Sucks</code>. It's assuming that <code>m[0]</code> is stored on 8 bytes, so each char takes 1 byte. <code>m[1]</code> contains all zeros, so it has a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string">null terminator</a> for <code>C++Sucks</code> string. </p>
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-<p>Without recursion and illegal <code>main()</code> calling it will look like this:</p>
-
-<pre><code>double m[] = {7709179928849219.0, 0};
-for (int i = 0; i < 771; i++)
-{
- m[0] *= 2;
-}
-printf((char*) m);
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">It's postfix decrement. So it will be called 771 times.</span> – <a href="/users/1502345/jack-aidley" title="2075 reputation" class="comment-user">Jack Aidley</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:38:12Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">Excellent answer.</span> – <a href="/users/954986/nathan" title="421 reputation" class="comment-user">Nathan</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 14:03:31Z" class="relativetime-clean">15 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">this should be the accepted answer, really clears the 'obfuscation' of the original code.</span> – <a href="/users/253805/gandolf" title="92 reputation" class="comment-user">gandolf</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 17:32:43Z" class="relativetime-clean">11 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>Formally speaking, it's impossible to reason about this program because it's ill-formed (i.e. it's not legal C++). It violates C++11[basic.start.main]p3:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
- <p>The function main shall not be used within a program.</p>
-</blockquote>
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-<p>This aside, it relies on the fact that on a typical consumer computer, a <code>double</code> is 8 bytes long, and uses a certain well-known internal representation. The initial values of the array are computed so that when the "algorithm" is performed, the final value of the first <code>double</code> will be such that the internal representation (8 bytes) will be the ASCII codes of the 8 characters <code>C++Sucks</code>. The second element in the array is then <code>0.0</code>, whose first byte is <code>0</code> in the internal representation, making this a valid C-style string. This is then sent to output using <code>printf()</code>.</p>
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-<p>Running this on HW where some of the above doesn't hold would result in garbage text (or perhaps even an access out of bounds) instead.</p>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">I have to add that this is not an invention of C++11 - C++03 also had <code>basic.start.main</code> 3.6.1/3 with the same wording.</span> – <a href="/users/57428/sharptooth" title="84637 reputation" class="comment-user">sharptooth</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:30:15Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">The point of this small example is to illustrate what can be done with C++. Magic sample using UB tricks or huge software packages of "classic" code.</span> – <a href="/users/764191/schepurin" title="945 reputation" class="comment-user">SChepurin</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:30:38Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">+1 for probably better explanation.</span> – <a href="/users/1400869/d-r" title="1456 reputation" class="comment-user">D.R.</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:33:10Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span><span class="edited-yes" title="this comment was edited"></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@sharptooth Thanks for adding this. I didn't mean to imply otherwise, I just cited the standard I used.</span> – <a href="/users/1782465/angew" title="16950 reputation" class="comment-user">Angew</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:38:13Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">@Angew: Yeap, I understand that, just wanted to say that the wording is pretty old.</span> – <a href="/users/57428/sharptooth" title="84637 reputation" class="comment-user">sharptooth</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 11:41:09Z" class="relativetime-clean">17 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>It is just building up a double array (16 bytes) which - if interpreted as a char array - build up the ASCII codes for the string "C++Sucks"</p>
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-<p>However, the code is not working on each system, it relies on some of the following undefined facts:</p>
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-<pre><code>double m[] = {7709179928849219.0, 0};
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- <div class="post-text"><p>The others have explained the question pretty thoroughly, I'd like to add a note that this is <strong>undefined behavior</strong> according to the standard.</p>
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-<p>C++11 3.6.1/3 <em>Main function</em></p>
-
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- <p>The function main shall not be used within a program. The linkage (3.5) of main is implementation-defined. A program that defines main as deleted or that declares main to be inline, static, or constexpr is ill-formed. The name main is not otherwise reserved. [ Example: member functions, classes, and enumerations can be called main, as can entities in other namespaces. —end example ]</p>
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- <td class="comment-text"><div><span class="comment-copy">I'd say it's even ill-formed (as I did in my answer) - it violates a "shall".</span> – <a href="/users/1782465/angew" title="16950 reputation" class="comment-user">Angew</a> <span class="comment-date" dir="ltr"><span title="2013-08-01 16:13:17Z" class="relativetime-clean">12 hours ago</span></span></div></td>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>The code could be re-written like this:</p>
-
-<pre><code>void f()
-{
- if (m[1]-- != 0)
- {
- m[0] *= 2;
- f()
- } else {
- printf((char*)m);
- }
-}
-</code></pre>
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-<p>What it's doing is producing a set of bytes in the <code>double</code> array <code>m</code> that happen to correspond to the characters 'C++Sucks' followed by a null-terminator. They've obfuscated the code by choosing a double value which when doubled 771 times produces, in the standard representation, that set of bytes with the null terminator provided by the second member of the array.</p>
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-<p>Note that this code wouldn't work under a different endian representation. Also, calling <code>main()</code> is not strictly allowed.</p>
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- <div class="post-text"><p>Its basically just a clever way to hide the String "C++Sucks" (note the 8 Bytes) within the first double value, which is recursively multiplied with 2 until the seconds double values reaches zero. (771 times)</p>
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-<p>Multiplying the double values 7709179928849219.0 * 2 * 711 results in "C++Sucks" if you interpret the byte-value of the double as string, which printf() does with the cast. And printf() doesn't fail, because the second double value is "0" and interpreted as "\0" by printf().</p>
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