= XapianDb

== What's in the box?

XapianDb is a ruby gem that combines features of nosql databases and fulltext indexing into one piece. The result: Rich documents and very fast queries. It is based on {Xapian}[http://xapian.org/], an efficient and powerful indexing library.

XapianDb is inspired by {xapian-fu}[https://github.com/johnl/xapian-fu] and {xapit}[https://github.com/ryanb/xapit].
Thank you John and Ryan for your great work. It helped me learning to understand the xapian library and I borrowed an idea
or two from you ;-)

== Why yet another indexing gem?

In the good old days I used {ferret}[https://github.com/dbalmain/ferret] and {acts_as_ferret}[https://github.com/jkraemer/acts_as_ferret]
as my fulltext indexing solution and everything was fine. But time moved on and Ferret didn't.

So I started to rethink fulltext indexing again. I looked for something that

* is under active development
* is fast
* is lightweight and easy to install / deploy
* is framework and database agnostic and works with pure POROS (plain old ruby objects)
* is configurable anywhere, not just inside the model classes; I think that index configurations should not be part of the domain model
* supports document configuration at the class level, not the database level; each class has its own document structure
* integrates with popular Ruby / Rails ORMs like ActiveRecord or Datamapper through a plugin architecture
* returns rich document objects that do not necessarily need a database roundtrip to render the search results (but know how to get the underlying object, if needed)
* updates the index realtime (no scheduled reindexing jobs)
* supports all major features of a full text indexer, namely wildcards!!

I tried hard but I couldn't find such a thing so I decided to write it, based on the Xapian library.

<b>If you found a bug or are looking for a missing feature, please post to the {Google  Group}[http://groups.google.com/group/xapian_db]</b>

== Requirements

* ruby 1.9.2 or newer
* rails 3.0 or newer (if you want to use it with rails)
* xapian-core and xapian-ruby binaries installed

== Installing xapian binaries

On OSX, I recommend to install the binaries using homebrew like so: brew install xapian --ruby.
Another option is to install and require the xapian-ruby gem; this works for linux, too. Make sure to add the gem to your Gemfile in this case.
Make sure version 1.2.6 or newer is installed.

== Getting started

If you want to use xapian_db in a Rails app, you need Rails 3 or newer.

For a first look, look at the examples in the examples folder. There's the simple ruby script basic.rb that shows the basic
usage of XapianDB without rails. In the basic_rails folder you'll find a very simple Rails app unsing XapianDb.

The following steps assume that you are using xapian_db within a Rails app.

=== Configure your databases

Without a config file, xapian_db creates the database in the db folder for development and production
environments. If you are in the test environment, xapian_db creates an in memory database.
It assumes you are using ActiveRecord.

You can override these defaults by placing a config file named 'xapian_db.yml' into your config folder. Here's an example:

  # XapianDb configuration
  defaults: &defaults
    adapter: datamapper # Avaliable adapters: :active_record, :datamapper
    language: de        # Global language; can be overridden for specific blueprints
    term_min_length: 2  # Ignore single character terms
    enable_query_flags: FLAG_PHRASE, FLAG_SPELLING_CORRECTION

  development:
    database: db/xapian_db/development
    <<: *defaults

  test:
    database: ":memory:" # Use an in memory database for tests
    <<: *defaults

  production:
    database: db/xapian_db/production
    <<: *defaults

==== Available options

  - adapter: :active_record|:datamapper, default: :active_record
  - language: any iso language code, default: :none (activates spelling corrections, stemmer and stop words if an iso language code ist set)
  - term_min_length: <n>, default: 1 (do not index terms shorter than n)
  - term_splitter_count: <n>, default: 0 (see chapter Term Splitting)
  - enable_query_flags: <list of flags, separated by colons>
  - disable_query_flags: <list of flags, separated by colons>

  The following query flags are enabled by default:

    - FLAG_WILDCARD
    - FLAG_BOOLEAN
    - FLAG_BOOLEAN_ANY_CASE
    - FLAG_SPELLING_CORRECTION

  See the xapian docs for all available query flags

If you do not configure settings for an environment in this file, xapian_db applies the defaults.

=== Configure an index blueprint

In order to get your models indexed, you must configure a document blueprint for each class you want to index. You can pass the class name as a
symbol or as a string (if the class is namespaced):

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.attribute :name, :weight => 10
    blueprint.attribute :first_name
  end

The example above assumes that you have a class <code>Person</code> with the methods <code>name</code> and <code>first_name</code>.
Attributes will get indexed and are stored in the documents. You will be able to access the name and the first name in your search results.

If you want to index additional data but do not need access to it from a search result, use the index method:

  blueprint.index :remarks, :weight => 5

If you want to declare multiple attributes or indexes with default options, you can do this in one statement:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.attributes :name, :first_name, :profession
    blueprint.index      :notes, :remarks, :cv
  end

Note that you cannot add options using this mass declaration syntax (e.g. <code>blueprint.attributes :name, :weight => 10, :first_name</code> is not valid).

Use blocks for complex evaluations of attributes or indexed values:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:IndexedObject) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.attribute :complex do
      if @id == 1
        "One"
      else
        "Not one"
      end
    end
  end

You may add a filter expression to exclude objects from the index. This is handy to skip objects that are not active, for example:

    XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
      blueprint.attributes :name, :first_name, :profession
      blueprint.index      :notes, :remarks, :cv
      blueprint.ignore_if {active == false}
    end

You can add a type information to an attribute (default format is string). As of now the special types :string, :date, :date_time and :number are supported (and required for range queries):

    XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
      blueprint.attribute :age,           :as => :number
      blueprint.attribute :date_of_birth, :as => :date
      blueprint.attribute :name,          :as => :string
      blueprint.attribute :updated_at,    :as => :date_time
      blueprint.attribute :address,       :as => :json
    end

If you don't need field searches for an attribute, turn off the prefixed option (makes your index smaller and more efficient):

    XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
      blueprint.attribute :complex_object, prefixed: false
    end

You can override the global adapter configuration in a specific blueprint. Let's say you use ActiveRecord, but you have
one more class that is not stored in the database, but you want it to be indexed:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:SpecialClass) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.adapter :generic
    blueprint.index   :some_stuff
  end

If you use associations in your blueprints, it might be a good idea to specify a base query to speed up rebuild_xapian_index calls (avoiding 1+n queries):

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.index :addresses, as: :json
    blueprint.base_query { |p| p.includes(:addresses) }
  end

If you have configured a term_splitter_count, you might want to exclude certain attributes from the automatic term splitting:

    XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
      blueprint.attribute :age, :as => :number, :no_split => true
    end

You can specify a natural sort order for each class using a method symbol or a block. If you don't specify an order expression in your xapian query, the matches
are ordered by relevance and - within the same relevance - by the natural sort order. If you don't specify the natural sort order, it defaults to id. Examples:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:House) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.natural_sort_order :number
  end

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.natural_sort_order do
      "#{surname} #{name}"
    end
  end

If you want to manage the (re)indexing of your objects on your own, turn off autoindexing in your blueprint:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.autoindex false
  end

This will turn off the auto-reindexing for any object of the configured class. Use XapianDb.reindex(object) to trigger the reindexing logic in your code. Please note that destroying an object will always remove it from the xapian index.


Place these configurations either into the corresponding class or - I prefer to have the index configurations outside
the models - into the file config/xapian_blueprints.rb.

<b>IMPORTANT</b>
- Do not place them into an initializer, this will not work when cache_classes is set to false (default in config/development.rb)
- Whenever you make a change to a blueprint configuration, you must rebuild your entire xapian index

=== Update the index

xapian_db injects some helper methods into your configured model classes that update the index automatically
for you when you create, save or destroy models. If you already have models that should now go into the index,
use the method <code>rebuild_xapian_index</code>:

  Person.rebuild_xapian_index

To get info about the reindex process, use the verbose option:

  Person.rebuild_xapian_index :verbose => true

In verbose mode, XapianDb will use the progressbar gem if available.

To rebuild the index for all blueprints, use

  XapianDb.rebuild_xapian_index

You can update the index for a single object, too (e.g. to reevaluate an ignore_if block without modifying and saving the object):

  XapianDb.reindex object

=== Query the index

A simple query looks like this:

  results = XapianDb.search "Foo"

You can use wildcards and boolean operators:

  results = XapianDb.search "fo* or baz"

You can query attributes:

  results = XapianDb.search "name:Foo"

You can query objects of a specific class:

  results = Person.search "name:Foo"

You can search for exact phrases (if the query flag is turned on):

  results = XapianDb.search('"this exact sentence"')

If you want to paginate the result, pass the :per_page argument:

  results = Person.search "name:Foo", :per_page => 20

If you want to limit the number of results, pass the :limit argument (handy if you use the query for autocompletion):

    results = Person.search "name:Foo", :limit => 10

On class queries you can specifiy order options:

  results = Person.search "name:Foo", :order => :first_name
  results = Person.search "Fo*", :order => [:name, :first_name], :sort_decending => true

If you define an attribute with a supported type, you can do range searches:

  XapianDb::DocumentBlueprint.setup(:Person) do |blueprint|
    blueprint.attribute :age,           :as => :number
    blueprint.attribute :date_of_birth, :as => :date
    blueprint.attribute :name,          :as => :string
  end

  result = XapianDb.search("date_of_birth:2011-01-01..2011-12-31")
  result = XapianDb.search("age:30..40")
  result = XapianDb.search("name:Adam..Chris")

Open Ranges are supported, too:

  result = XapianDb.search("age:..40")
  result = XapianDb.search("age:30..")

You can combine range query expressions with other expressions:

  result = XapianDb.search("age:30..40 AND city:Aarau")

=== Process the results

<code>XapianDb.search</code> returns a resultset object. You can access the number of hits directly:

  results.hits # Very fast, does not load the resulting documents; always returns the actual hit count
               # even if a limit option was set in the query

If you use a persistent database, the resultset may contain a spelling correction:

  # Assuming you have at least one document containing "mouse"
  results = XapianDb.search("moose")
  results.spelling_suggestion # "mouse"

The results behave like an array:

  doc = results.first
  puts doc.score.to_s         # Get the relevance of the document
  puts doc.indexed_class      # Get the type of the indexed object as a string, e.g. "Person"
  puts doc.name               # We can access a single attribute
  puts doc.attributes         # We can access all attributes as a hash
  person = doc.indexed_object # Access the object behind this doc (lazy loaded)

Use a search result with will_paginate in a view:

  <%= will_paginate @results %>

Or with kaminari:

  <%= kaminari @results %>

=== Facets

If you want to implement a simple drilldown for your searches, you can use a global facets query:

  search_expression = "Foo"
  facets = XapianDb.facets(:name, search_expression)
  facets.each do |name, count|
    puts "#{name}: #{count} hits"
  end

If you want the facets based on the indexed class, use the special attribute :indexed_class:

  search_expression = "Foo"
  facets = XapianDb.facets(:indexed_class, search_expression)
  facets.each do |klass, count|
    puts "#{klass.name}: #{count} hits"

    # This is how you would get all documents for the facet
    # doc = klass.search search_expression
  end

A class level facet query is possible, too:

  search_expression = "Foo"
  facets = Person.facets(:name, search_expression)
  facets.each do |name, count|
    puts "#{name}: #{count} hits"
  end

Any attribute declared in a blueprint can be used for a facet query. Use facet queries on attributes that store atomic values like strings, numbers or dates.
If you use it on attributes that contain collections (like an array of strings), you might get unexpected results.

=== Find similar documents

If you have a rearch result, you can search for similar documents by selecting one or more documents from your result and passing them to the find_similar_to method:

  results = XapianDb.search("moose")
  similar = XapianDb.find_similar_to results.first

It works like this: The xapian engine extracts the most selective terms from the passed documents. Then, a
new query is executed with the retrieved terms combined with OR operators.
This method works best if your models contain large amounts of text.

=== Transactions

You can execute a block of code inside a XapianDb transaction. This ensures that the changed objects in your block will get reindexed
only if the block does not raise an exception.

  XapianDb.transaction do
    object1.save
    object2.save
  end

=== Bulk inserts / updates / deletes

When you change a lot of models, it is not very efficient to update the xapian index on each insert / update / delete. Instead,
you can use the auto_indexing_disabled method with a block and rebuild the whole index afterwards:

  XapianDb.auto_indexing_disabled do
    Person.each do |person|
      # change person
      person.save
    end
  end
  Person.rebuild_xapian_index

== Add your own serializers for special objects

XapianDb serializes objects to xapian documents as strings by default.

However, dates need special handling to support date range queries. To support date range queries and allow the addition of other custom data types in the future, XapianDb uses a simple, extensible mechanism to serialize / deserialize your objects. An example on how to extend this mechanism is provided in examples/custom_serialization.rb.

== Term Splitting

If you want to build a realtime search showing results while the user types, you might experience very poor performance and a huge memory load for the first typed characters (1*, 12*...). XapianDb allows you to configure the term_splitter_count to avoid this. If you configure a term_splitter_count of e.g. 2, the term "test" will get indexed with "t", "te" and "test". Now you can apply the "*" only for search terms that are longer than the configured term_splitter_count resulting in a much better performance and lower memory footprint.

== Production setup

Since Xapian allows only one database instance to write to the index, the default setup of XapianDb will not work
with multiple app instances trying to write to the same database (you will get lock errors).
Therefore, XapianDb provides two solutions based on queueing systems to overcome this. The first solution uses beanstalk and the second one uses resque.

== Installation with beanstalk

=== 1. Install beanstalkd

Make sure you have the {beanstalk daemon}[http://kr.github.com/beanstalkd/] installed

==== OSX

The easiest way is to use macports or homebrew:

  port install beanstalkd
  brew install beanstalkd

==== Debian (Lenny)

  # Add backports to /etc/apt/sources.list:
  deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian-backports lenny-backports main contrib non-free
  deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian-backports lenny-backports main contrib non-free

  sudo apt-get update
  sudo apt-get -t lenny-backports install libevent-1.4-2
  sudo apt-get -t lenny-backports install libevent-dev
  cd /tmp
  wget --no-check-certificate https://github.com/downloads/kr/beanstalkd/beanstalkd-1.4.6.tar.gz
  tar xvf beanstalkd-1.4.6.tar.gz
  cd beanstalkd-1.4.6/
  ./configure
  make
  sudo make install

=== 2. Add the beanstalk-client gem to your config

  gem 'beanstalk-client' # Add this to your Gemfile
  bundle install

=== 3. Install the beanstalk worker script

  rails generate xapian_db:install

=== 4. Configure your production environment in config/xapian_db.yml

  production:
    database: db/xapian_db/production
    writer:   beanstalk
    beanstalk_daemon: localhost:11300

=== 5. start the beanstalk daemon

  beanstalkd -d

=== 6. start the beanstalk worker from within your Rails app root directory

  RAILS_ENV=production script/beanstalk_worker start

If everything is fine, you should find a file namend beanstalk_worker.pid in tmp/pids. If something
goes wrong, you'll find beanstalk_worker.log instead showing the stack trace.

<b>Important: Do not start multiple instances of this daemon!</b>

== Installation with Resque

=== 1. Install and start redis

Install and start redis as described on the {resque github page}[https://github.com/defunkt/resque].

=== 2. Add the resque gem to your config

  gem 'resque'
  bundle install

=== 3. Configure XapianDb to use resque in production

  production:
    database:     db/xapian_db/production
    writer:       resque
    resque_queue: my_queue

If you don't specify a queue name XapianDb will use 'xapian_db' by default.

=== 4. Start the resque worker

   RAILS_ENV=production QUEUE=my_queue rake resque:work

Be sure to specify the correct queue name when starting the worker.

<b>If you don't provide a queue name, it WON'T take 'xapian_db' by default! Do not start multiple
instances of this worker!</b>