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Versionshistorie

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Beachte, dass Versionen dieses Dokuments auch in anderen Sprachen wie Spanisch, Indonesisch und natürlich im englischen Original existieren.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Redaktion

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Deutsche Übersetzung: Tobias Steiner, PDF DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/hu9sj

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Englisches Original: 10.31222/osf.io/b4v8p

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Jonathan Tennant, Jennifer E. Beamer, Jeroen Bosman, Björn Brembs, Neo Christopher Chung, Gail Clement, Tom Crick, Jonathan Dugan, Alastair Dunning, David Eccles, Asura Enkhbayar, Daniel Graziotin, Rachel Harding, Johanna Havemann, Daniel S. Katz, Kshitiz Khanal, Jesper Norgaard Kjaer, Tim Koder, Paul Macklin, Christopher R. Madan, Paola Masuzzo, Lisa Matthias, Katja Mayer, David M. Nichols, Elli Papadopoulou, Thomas Pasquier, Tony Ross-Hellauer, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Dan Sholler, Tobias Steiner, Pawel Szczesny, Andy Turner

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Der Länge des vorliegenden Strategiedokuments Rechnung tragend wurde zudem ein IMMEDIATE ACTION PLAN / SOFORTMAßNAHMENPLAN bereitgestellt, der die aus Sicht der Autor*innen dringendsten Handlungsfelder mit Blick auf eine zukünftige Weiterentwicklung herausstellt.

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1. Zweck dieses Dokuments

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Dieses Dokument möchte einen möglichst breiten Konsens zur Findung einer internationalen Strategie zur Implementierung von Open Scholarship finden, die sowohl den Ansprüchen verschiedener nationaler und regionaler Communities gerecht werden kann, aber auch global funktioniert.

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Forschung kann idealisiert als ein inspirierender Prozess gesehen werden, um unser kollektives Wissen zum Nutzen der gesamten Menschheit weiterzuentwickeln. Die aktuelle Forschungspraxis sieht sich jedoch im aktuellen Prozess der Adaption an die digitale Welt noch mit einer Reihe von Spannungen und Konflikten konfrontiert, die sicherlich teilweise auf Differenzen zwischen dem Ideal einer wissenschaftl. Commons-Community und dem Alltag des traditionell-hochkompetitiven Wissenschaftssystems liegen mag und teilweise auf die sowieso schon bestehenden Herausforderungen durch die Veränderung des Wissenschaftssystems inkl. Infrastruktur hin zu digitalen Lösungen. Das, was gemeinhin als Open Scholarship bezeichnet wird, ist hier als Ansatz gedacht, moderne Forschungs- und Lehr-/Lernpraktiken auf diese digitale Welt auszurichten. Wir schlagen hier keine normative Definition von Open Scholarship vor, sondern wollen anerkennen, dass es sich dabei um einen holistischen Begriff handelt, der das ganze Spektrum wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und damit einhergehender, sich unterscheidender Prinzipien und Praktiken umfasst, die in anderen Kontexten u.a. auch als Open Science, Open Research oder Digital Humanities bezeichnet werden (mehr dazu in Punkt 3). Wir wählen den Begriff “Open Scholarship”, um diese Aspekte in einem universellen und konstruktiven Sinne inklusiv einzubinden. (Wenn wir hier verkürzt mancherorts den Begriff der Forschung verwenden, ist dies stets den historischen Entwicklungen Rechnung tragend und als verkürzt für den gesamten Life Cycle von Wissenschaft, Forschung und Lehre.)

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Zweck dieses Dokuments ist es, eine präzise Analyse des aktuellen Standes der weltweiten Open Scholarship-Bewegung bereitzustellen: dies wird eine Auseinandersetzung mit Fragen nach gemeinsamen Gedankenstränge, nach Stärken der Bewegung und nach Potential und beinhalten. Abschließend wird dargestellt, wie wir als global vernetzte Gemeinschaft effizienter zusammenarbeiten können, um die wichtigsten strategischen Prioritäten zu erkennen und gemeinsam voranzubringen. Dieses Dokument wurde von den Foundations for OER Strategy Development und der Arbeit der FORCE11 Scholarly Commons Working Group inspiriert und durch eine offene Arbeitsgruppe gemeinsam kollaborativ entwickelt.

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Wir hoffen, dass dieses Dokument als eine Grundlage für weiteren Austausch, Diskussionen und sich daraus entwickelnden Initiativen zur Umsetzung wirksamer Strategien dienen kann, um die Integration von Open Scholarship-Praktiken in eine sich entwickelnde, moderne, digitale Forschungskultur gemeinsam voranzubringen. Dadurch erhoffen wir uns, die Reichweite und Wirkung von Open Scholarship in einem globalen Kontext ausweiten und verstärken zu können, um damit sicherzustellen, dass es wirklich offen für alle ist. Wir hoffen auch, dass sich dieses Dokument im Laufe der zahlreichen Diskussionen über Open Scholarship weiterentwickeln und dazu beitragen wird, nützliche Erkenntnisse sowohl für die globale Koordination der Sache, als auch für direktes Handeln vor Ort zu liefern. Wir glauben, dass dies ein wichtiger Schritt vorwärts ist, um Open Scholarship zur Norm werden lassen zu können.

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Letztendlich erwarten wir, dass sich die Auswirkungen einer weit verbreiteten Übernahme von Open Scholarship vielfältig äußern werden. Wir erhoffen uns, dass neuartige Forschungspraktiken das Innovationstempo erhöhen und damit wichtige Industriezweige weltweit stimulieren können. Durch Open Scholarship wäre auch eine Zunahme des Vertrauens der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft möglich, da Transparenz im Wissenschaftsprozess damit normativer wird. Daher erwarten wir, dass das Interesse an Open Scholarship aufgrund seines inhärenten Einflusses sowohl auf die Zivilgesellschaft als auch die Weltwirtschaft in Zukunft deutlich zunehmen wird.

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2. Strategie

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Unter Strategie wird in der Regel die Festlegung von Zielen, die Definition von Maßnahmen zur Erreichung dieser Ziele sowie die Mobilisierung von Ressourcen verstanden, welche zur Durchführung dieser Maßnahmen nötig sind. Eine Strategie beschreibt, wie die Ziele mit entsprechenden Mitteln (Ressourcen) erreicht werden können.

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Um die bestehenden Herausforderungen zu meistern und unsere gesteckten Ziele zu erreichen sollten wir uns auf unsere gemeinsamen Stärken besinnen und auf diesen aufbauen. Im Folgenden haben wir drei zeitliche Hauptkomponenten (kurz-, mittel- und langfristig) einer Gesamtstrategie identifiziert, die als direkte Handlungsvorschläge auf individueller, Gruppen- und institutioneller sowie nationaler (oder höherer) Ebene genutzt werden können. Es muss hier betont werden, dass mit diesen Vorschlägen das komplexe Wissenschaftssystem und seine zahlreichen Verknüpfungen und Abhängigkeiten nicht in vollständigem Umfang abgebildet werden kann. Daher erachten wir es als notwendig, dass sich die unterschiedlichen Wissenschaftsdisziplinen auch selbst auf ihren jeweiligen Ebenen damit auseinandersetzen, welche Aktivitäten in den entsprechenden Fachkulturen angemessen erscheinen. Hierzu kann diese Strategie als Basis für eine konstruktive Auseinandersetzung in der eigenen Fachkultur und darüber hinaus dienen.

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Daher besteht eines der grundlegenden Ziele dieser Strategie darin, die Ausformung von Communities zu fördern, die sich gegenseitig durch gemeinsames, verteiltes und kollaboratives Lernen (bspw. über den Open Science MOOC) weiterbilden und Wissen zu aktuellen Entwicklungen in der Welt des Open Scholarship austauschen. Diese Communities haben unserer Ansicht nach den direktesten Einblick in die spezifischen Herausforderungen und können daraus direkt anwendbare Handlungsvorschläge generieren, um diese Herausforderungen zu meistern. Aus diesen Handlungsvorschlägen wiederum können mittelfristig neue Perspektiven auf die unterschiedlichen hierarchischen Ebenenen generiert werden, die dann in Entscheidungsfindungs-Prozesse einfließen können.

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Wir stellen fest, dass diese Strategie aufgrund der Vielfalt der Akteure und Stakeholder sowie unterschiedlicher Perspektiven, Praktiken und Interessen kein Grundkonsensdokument sein kann. Daher wird die Priorisierung der verschiedenen Aspekte aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven diskutiert. Eine Wirksamkeit wird sich dann einstellen, sobald Einzelpersonen und Communities verschiedene Teile dieser Strategie in ihren jeweiligen Kontexten entlang der Veränderung kultureller Normen hin zu offeneren Gegebenheiten realisieren können.

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In der Tat sehen viele den Fortschritt der Open Scholarship-Bewegung in den vergangenen zwei bis Jahrzehnten als weitgehend substanzlos an; ein Faktor, der sicherlich auch mit einem Mangel an strategischer Planung und entsprechend gesteuerter Umsetzung zu tun hat.

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Wir stellen ebenso fest, dass diese Strategie nur auf Informationen basieren kann, die uns als Kollektiv zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt vorliegen, und es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass es noch zahlreiche Initiativen, Policies und Programme, Tools und Plattformen gibt, die wir ungewollt übersehen haben. Ebenso kann es gut sein, dass schon bestehende Strategien hier nicht in Betracht gezogen wurden. Nichtsdestotrotz wollen wir mit diesem Dokument versuchen, unseren Strategieanansatz nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen mit Fakten und Argumenten zu untermauern; die entsprechenden Diskussionen dazu sind unter dem Strategie-Abschnitt in Sektion 5 zu finden.

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2.1 Kurzfristige Strategie (>2 Jahre)

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Individuelle Ebene

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Abbildung 1: Kramer, Bianca, & Bosman, Jeroen (2018, Januar). Rainbow of open science practices. Zenodo. (CCBY)
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Beachte, dass die folgenden Elemente der Strategie in die sechs Hauptkategorien der Grafik (Suche, Analyse, Schreiben, Publizieren, Outreach und Assessment) unterteilt ist, sofern relevant.

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Suche

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Analyse

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Schreiben

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Publizieren

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Outreach

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Assessment

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Abbildung 2: Steiner, Tobias (2018, February). Offene Bildungspraxis: Mögliche Szenarien. Zenodo. (CC0)
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Gruppenebene (z.B. Labore, Abteilungen)

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Viele der auf der individuellen Ebene genannten Elemente werden auch hier weiterhin relevant sein und werden hier daher teilweise wiederholt, um diesen Umstand abzubilden.

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Suche

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Analyse

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Schreiben

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Publizieren

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Outreach

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Assessment

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Institutsebene (einschließlich Forschungs- und Fördereinrichtungen sowie Fachgesellschaften)

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Teilen

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Publizieren

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Outreach

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Assessment

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Nationale Ebene (oder darüber hinaus)

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Suche

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Schreiben

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Publizieren

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Outreach

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Assessment

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2.2 Mittelfristige Strategie (2-5 Jahre)

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Zu gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt wird davon ausgegangen, dass Teile der kurzfristigen Strategie auf der Grundlage der Bedürfnisse der jeweiligen Gruppen bereits eingeleitet wurden und sich entweder in der Umsetzung oder in der vorbereitenden Entwicklung befinden. Häufig handelt es sich um fluide und kontinuierliche Prozesse, die sich mit der mittelfristigen Strategie überschneiden können und daher an dieser stelle nicht explizit wiederholt werden. Alle in der Kurzfristigen Strategie genannten Punkte sind daher je nach Entwicklungstempo genauso relevant.

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Individuelle Ebene

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Gruppenebene

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Instituts- / Arbeitsbereichs-Ebene

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Nationale (oder höhere) Ebene

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Analyse

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Publizieren

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Outreach

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Assessment

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2.3 Langfristige Strategie (5-10 Jahre)

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Zu diesem Zeitpunkt wird erwartet, dass bestimmte Teile der kurz- und mittelfristigen Strategien auf der Grundlage der Bedürfnisse der jeweiligen Gruppen initiiert wurden und sich entweder in der laufenden Umsetzung oder in der Entwicklung befinden. Häufig handelt es sich dabei um laufende Prozesse, die sich mit der langfristigen Strategie überschneiden können daher hier nicht wiederholt werden sollen. Alle in der Kurzfristigen Strategie und der Mittelfristigen Strategie genannten Punkte sind jedoch je nach Entwicklungstempo weiterhin relevant.

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Individuelle Ebene

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Gruppenebene

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Instituts- und Abteilungs-Ebene

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Nationale (oder höhere) Ebene

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3. Was ist Open Scholarship?

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Mit ideologischen Wurzeln in vielen Openness-Bewegungen, die bis in die Zeit der Aufklärung zurückreichen hat sich sich die Bewegung des Open Scholarship in den letzten zwei Jahrzenten – und sowohl ermöglicht als auch befeuert durch die Digitalisierung der Wissenschaftswelt – von einer Sammlung kleinerer und verstreuter Aktivitäten hin zu einem breiten internationalen Netzwerk von Institutionen, Organisationen, Regierungen, praktizierenden Einzelindividuen sowie Verfechterinnen und Verfechtern der Ideen hinter Openness in der Wissenschaft. Während schon bedeutende Fortschritte in der Erweiterung von Theorie und Praxis von Open Scholarship erzielt wurden (siehe z.B. Peters et al., 2012, Friesike et al., 2013, Munafo et al., 2017)), so sind Open Scholarship-Praktiken und -Werte in den meisten Forschungsdisziplinen bei Weitem noch nicht die Norm, und die Akzeptanz der durch Offenheit in der Wissenschaft proklamierten Werte ist weltweit ungleich verteilt.

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In diesem Dokument verstehen wir den Begriff “Open Scholarship” als eine inklusiv gedachte und somit weit gefasste Perspektive auf den Prozess von, die Kommunikation in und über, und die Wieder- und Weiterverwendung (Remix) von Wissenschaft und Forschung, sowie die Auseinandersetzung der eigenen Rolle im größeren sozialen Kontext der Gesellschaft, und eine Inklusion dieser unter den Vorzeichen von Offenheit/Openness.

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Sowohl Ziele als auch die grundlegende Vision von Open Scholarship sind in Dokumenten wie der Budapest Open Access Initiative, der Open Archives Initiative, den Vienna Principles, den Scholarly Commons Principles und den Panton Principles beschrieben. Im Laufe der Zeit entwickelten sich so Dutzende von Erklärungen, Chartas sowie Statements über die Prioritäten und deren Setzung zu verschiedenen Aspekten von Open Scholarship.

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Dies hat zur Folge, dass es heute zahlreiche konkurrierende, parallele oder sich überschneidende Definitionen dessen gibt, was Open Scholarship sowohl in Bezug auf Forschungsprinzipien als auch auf die Praktiken umfasst – alle mit dem Ziel, eine Bewegung zu beschreiben, die die Förderung des wissenschaftlichen Wachstums unter den Gegebenheiten einer freien und öffentlichen Zugänglichkeit anstrebt.

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Hierbei erachten wir es nützlich, Open Scholarship als “boundary object” (Moore, 2017) zu betrachten, da es dadurch flexibel anpassungsfähig ist, in verschiedenen Communities in seiner Ausprägung unterschiedlich interpretiert wird, jedoch genügend unveränderliche Kerninhhalte mit sich bringt, um eine intrinsische Integrität beizubehalten. Neben dem “Virtues of Openness”-Ansatz von Peters und Roberts, 2012 halten wir die fünf Denkschulen aka. “schools of thought” von Fecher und Friesike, 2013 für nützlich, um die vorliegende Strategie anhand der dort genannten Ausprägungen zu rahmen; diese beinhalten einen Fokus auf: Infrastruktur, Datenerfassung, Öffentlichkeit, demokratische Werte und Pragmatismus. Darüber hinaus schlagen wir hiermit eine Erweiterung um eine sechste Schule mit Fokus auf Gemeinschaft und Integration vor, die den Entwicklungen in diesem Kontext innerhalb der letzten fünf Jahre (und darüber hinaus) Rechnung trägt. Erwähnt werden soll hier auch das OCSD (Open and Collaborative Science in Development) Network, das ein Open Science Manifesto für inklusiv-integrativ ausgelegte Open Science mit Blick auf soziales und umweltbewusst-ökologisches Selbstbewusstsein verfasst hat, welches zur Rahmung der hier vorliegenden Strategie von großem Nutzen sein kann.

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Diese vorangegangenen Arbeiten waren und sind weiterhin entscheidend für die Schaffung einer zentralen Identität der weltweiten Open Scholarship-Community, da diese Argumentationslinien zur Befürwortung von Open Scholarship gegenüber der breiteren Gesellschaft sichtbar werden und damit eine Grundlage geschaffen wird, um die weltweite Bewegung voranzubringen.

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Um das volle Potenzial und die Vision von Open Scholarship zu verwirklichen, sind wir der Meinung, dass ein Dokument hilfreich sein kann, das die Zusammensetzung von Open Scholarship als Bewegung kritisch hinterfragt und eine strategische Perspektive einnimmt, um darzulegen, wie wir als globale Bewegung konkrete Schritte zur Erreichung dieser Ziele identifizieren können. Denjenigen, die mit manchen Begrifflichkeiten der Welt des Open Scholarship (noch) nicht vertraut sind, möchten wir vertrauensvoll auf das Open Research Glossar hinweisen, welches durch die Right to Research Coalition zur Verfügung gestellt wird.

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Abbildung 3: Fecher and Frieseke (2013). Five schools of thought in Open Scholarship. (CC BY NC)
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4. State of the Movement

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Ein Movement kann definiert werden als “eine Gruppe von Menschen, die zusammenarbeiten, um ihre gemeinsamen politischen, sozialen oder künstlerischen Ideen voranzubringen”. Unterstützung erfährt Open Scholarship von zahlreichen und enorm vielfältigne Gruppe von Menschen, darunter auch Bürgerinnen und Bürger ohne akademischen Hintergrund, Aktivisten, Dozierende und Studierende auf verschiedenen akademischen und beruflichen Ebenen sowie Forschungsinstitute, wissenschaftliche Verlage, Bibliothekare, politische Entscheidungsträger und Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs). Die Mitglieder dieser Communities kommen aus Ländern rund um den Globus und haben unterschiedlichste sozioökonomische Hintergründe und Motivationen.

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Open Scholarship muss daher eine Reihe unterschiedlicher sozialer, wirtschaftlicher und kultureller Kontexte, unter denen diese verschiedenen Gemeinschaften und Interessengruppen vereint sind, mit einbeziehen. Wie oben schon angedeutet ist diese Vielfalt zwar einerseits eine Stärke der Open Scholarship-Bewegung, da sie eine Vielzahl von Perspektiven, Erfahrungen, Kapazitäten und Ressourcen mitbringt – sie stellt die Bewegung aber auch vor Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die strategische Ausrichtung, das Finden gemeinsamer Pläne sowie den Aufbau gemeinsamer Governance- und Koordinationsstrukturen.

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Die Annahme, die vermutlich den breitesten Zuspruch unter den zahlreichen Open Scholarship-Stakeholdern erntet, ist die Überzeugung, dass eine verstärkte Akzeptanz von Open Scholarship-Praktiken – und damit im Allgemeinen einfach offenen Praktiken – eine gute Sache darstellt, da sie sowohl der Forschungsgemeinschaft als auch der Umwelt, den weltweiten Volkswirtschaften sowie der breiteren Gesellschaft insgesamt größere Vorteile bringen würde.

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Aufbauend auf dieser grundlegenden Wertesetzung können wir also beginnen, sowohl die zentralen Herausforderungen als auch die vielfältigen sich ergebenden Möglichkeiten für Open Scholarship zu identifizieren, um strategische Elemente zu definieren, die auf verschiedenen Ebenen und durch unterschiedliche Interessengruppen übernommen bzw. adaptiert werden können.

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Daraus können wir ein gemeinschaftliches Verständnis für die Art der nötigen Maßnahmen gewinnen, die ergriffen werden können, um die Sache des Open Scholarship voranzubringen.

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4.1 Gemeinsame Perspektiven

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4.1.1 Grundlegendes Werte-Versprechen

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Open Scholarship macht Forschungsergebnisse und Praktiken in Wissenschaft und Forschung zugänglicher und inklusiver und erweitert unseren Horizont über die Möglichkeiten von Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung.

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4.1.2 Übergreifende Ziele und Vision

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Forschungspraktiken und wissenschaftliche Kommunikation entwickeln sich stetig weiter. Obwohl das Word Wide Web mit seinem Ansatz einer Dezentralisierung der wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation ursprünglich vor rund 30 Jahren als Gegenentwurf zu überkommenen Informationsmanagements-Hierarchien entwickelt wurde (Berners-Lee, 1989), hat die sonst allgegenwärtige Präsenz des Web einen Großteil der bereits existierenden wissenschaftlichen Publikationsmodelle sowie der damit befassten Industrie im Großen und Ganzen unverändert gelassen. Die so wahrgenommene langsam fortschreitende Entwicklung bzw. gar Trägheit kann möglicherweise auf das breite Spektrum unterschiedlichster Akteure in diesem Bereich und ein fast schon traditionelles Beharren auf eigene Interessen und Positionen, z.B. zu Fragen des Urheberrechts, Prestige und Renommée etablierter Journal-Titel, sowie die Bewertung und das Assessment von Forschung zurückgeführt werden.

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Doch haben sich auch im Sektor der Wissenschaftskommunikation schon Perspektiven auf die Vorteile des Webs entwickelt: so ist beispielsweise eine verbreitete Sicht, dass wissenschaftliche Kommunikationsprozesse zunehmend die Macht webnativer Technologien nutzen sollten, um von den Vorteilen des semantischen Webs zu profitieren, das effiziente Vernetzung, Kollaboration und Transparenz in Wissenschaft und Forschung verspricht (siehe dazu z.B. Hitzler, 2010 oder Pomerantz, 2015).

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Die Angleichung der bestehenden Prozesse von Forschung und Lehre an dieses Ideal wird im Kontext des Open Scholarship weitgehend einhellig gefordert, und so hat in den vergangenen zehn Jahren eine nicht von der Hand zu weisende rapide Zunahme an Innovationen in Wissendschaft und Forschung stattgefunden.

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Die primäre Vision, die wir mit Optimismus verfolgen, ist in drei Teile gegliedert und fordert,

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  1. Dass alle Bildungmaterialien und Forschungsoutput als globales Gemeingut allen Mitgliedern der Öffentlichkeit, die davon profitieren wollen, zur freien Weiternutzung zugänglich sein sollten.
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  2. Dass der aus offener Wissenschaft und Forschung erzielte Mehrwert auch in die breitere Gesellschaft zurürckgespielt und integriert wird.
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  3. Dass es allen Menschen ermöglicht wird, nach eigenem Wunsch und Willen frei und ungehindert in diesem Prozess zu partizipieren und selbst beizutragen.
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4.1.3 Definition als Grenzobjekt / boundary object

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Durch die Setzung als Grenzobjekt bzw. boundary object (Star & Griesemer, 1989) ermöglicht uns Open Scholarship, verschiedene Kategorien und Bedeutungsräume quer über unterschiedlichste Communities of Practice auszubalancieren. Dadurch wird die Festlegung und Aushandlung solcher Grenzobjekte ein Schlüsselprozess für die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung der Kohärenz zwischen den sich überschneidenden Communities.

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Weit gefasst lassen sich die Kernaspekte von Open Scholarship anhand von zwei Hauptkategorien einteilen: Praktiken und Prinzipien. Erstere Kategorie betrifft Aspekte wie Open Access, Open Data und Open Evaluation. Zu den Kernprinzipien von Open Scholarship gehören Partizipation, Gleichheit, Transparenz, Fairness, kognitive Gerechtigkeit, Zusammenarbeit, Verteilungsgerechtigkeit und Inklusivität; Aspekte, die in traditionellen Wissenschaftspraktiken vielfach verloren gegangen scheinen. Grundlegend ist man sich einig, dass die Kombination dieser Praktiken und Prinzipien zu einem besseren Forschungsprozess führen wird, die alle unter dem breiten Begriff Open Scholarship zusammengefasst sind. Und in der Tat ist bspw. Watson (2015) der Ansicht, dass diese Attribute nicht ausschließlich für Open Scholarship gelten, sondern grundlegende Schlüsselmerkmale von guter Wissenschaft insgesamt sein sollten.

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Wir erkennen jedoch an, dass Open Scholarship in seiner derzeitigen Form als Konstrukt nicht unbedingt leicht verständlich ist, u. a. weil sich im Diskurs um Opennes zahlreiche Fach-Termini und ein fast schon distinkt eigene Sprache herausgebildet hat. Wir erkennen voll und ganz an, dass diese damit selbst eingeführten Hindernisse überwunden werden müssen, um eine möglichst breite Partizipation und Engagement zur Etablierung der Prinzipien und Praktiken von Open Scholarship zu ermöglichen (Masuzzo und Martens, 2017).

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Abbildung 4: Tony Ross-Hellauer (2017). Principles of Open Scholarship. Slideshare. (CC BY).
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4.1.4 Das Open Scholarship-Ökosystem

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Vier Hauptelemente sind Voraussetzung für die Verbreitung von Open Scholarship:

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    \n
  1. Nutzende: Bewusstsein bei Akteurinnen und Akteure gegenüber Open Scholarship, um sich aktiv-reflektierend mit den entsprechenden Praktiken auseinanderzusetzen.
    2. \n\n\n\n
  2. Prozess: Open Scholarship-Tools, anhand derer die Verbreitung von Open Scholarship-Praktiken geleitet und gesteuert werden kann.
    3. \n\n\n\n
  3. Kontext: Systemische Unterstützung durch Communities und beteiligte Stakeholder zur Schaffung eines nachhaltigen Umfelds für Open Scholarship.
    4. \n\n\n\n
  4. Anreize: Motivationsanlässe für Externe, sich mit Open Scholarship-Praktiken auseinanderzusetzen.
    5. \n
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Angelehnt an die Foster Open Science Taxonomy (CC BY 4.0). Bitte beachte: diese Taxonomie erhebt keinen Anspruch der Abbildung aller möglichen Aspekte von Open Science & Scholarship dar, vielmehr wird hier hauptsächlich auf den forschungsfokussierten Bereich Open Science eingegangen und bspw. Open Education oder Wissenschaftskommunikation im weiteren Sinne ausgeklammert (Notiz T.S.) .
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4.2 Vielzahl an Perspektiven

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Neben den schon genannten Gemeinsamkeiten gibt es auch Spannungen zwischen unterschiedlichen Ansichten, wie Open Scholarship-Praktiken am Besten implementiert werden können. Daher scheint es wichtig, hier nochmals darauf zu verweisen, dass die Agenda hinter Open Scholarship zahlreiche Stakeholder mit unterschiedlichen Motivationen, Interessen und kulturellen Hintergründen zusammenbringt – eine One-Size-Fits-All-Lösung könnte daher unter Umständen lokalen Interessen schaden (dies gilt aber auch umgekehrt).

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Andererseits hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren durchaus der Bedarf herauskristallisiert, die zahlreichen existierenden Strategien von Openness-Communities so zusammenzuführen, dass Handlungen und potentielle zukünftige Strategien derjenigen mit ähnlichen Zielen nicht gegenläufig realisiert werden. Im Open Scholarship-Kontext können wir folgende potentielle “Störungszonen” identifizieren, die einer Erstellung einer kohärenten Strategie abträglich sind:

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4.2.1 Geografische Besonderheiten

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4.2.2 Besonderheiten zwischen verschiedenen wiss. Disziplinen

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4.2.3 Besonderheiten bzgl. der Stakeholder

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Wenn man die Bandbreite der Akteur_innen-Gruppen mit direktem Interesse an einer (Weiter-)Entwicklung von Open Scholarship betrachtet – Forschende, Studierende, Förderinstitutionen, Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare, Forschungsmanager_innen, wissenschaftliche Gesellschaften, Anbieter von IT-Infrastruktur, Industrie sowie die Zivilgesellschaft in ihrer ganzen Breite, Wissenschaftsverlage sowie weitere Dienstleistende im Feld des Open Scholarship, Pädagoginnen und Pädagogen, Lehrende, NGOs und politische Entscheidungsträger – so wird schnell deutlich, dass sich jede dieser Gruppen aus verschiedenen Gründen in der Verwirklichung von Open Scholarship engagiert, und dabei die eigenen Ziele – je nach intrinsischer Motivation – in Konflikt miteinander stehen können.

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So gibt es beispielsweise im Hinblick auf Open Access kaum Konsens darüber, wie dies auf einer Vielzahl von Dimensionen (geografisch, institutionell, individuell) am besten zu erreichen ist. Aus den hier entstehenden Spannungen ergibt sich – vielleicht nicht überraschend – ein Fehlen klar definierter strategischer Prioritäten zur Klärung von Konflikten im Feld des Open Access, mit denen zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen von Stakeholdern, die oft auf der Grundlage konkurrierender Interessen agieren und sich auf zahlreichen Ebenen in Kommunikation, Politik und Praxis durchsetzen, vermittelt werden könnte.

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Daraus ergibt sich eine besondere Komplexität im Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen den an der Wissenschaftskommunikation und den in allen Feldern des Open Scholarship beteiligten Akteurinnen und Akteuren. Einige der am Kontroversesten diskutierten Punkte betreffen:

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Dies ist selbstverständlich eine unvollständige Liste aller offenen Punkte, durch die aber schon deutlich wird, dass Konfliktlösungen und Kompromissfindung im Bereich der Wissenschaftskommunikation in unterschiedlichsten Variationen geschehen kann, die sich um die Kernthemen der Unabhängigkeit von Wissenschaft und Forschung, Governance-Strukturen und Finanzierung drehen.

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4.3 Umfang der Ziellerreichung von Open Scholarships, um die Bewegung als erfolgreich zu betrachten

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Es gibt unterschiedliche Meinungen und insgesamt fehlenden Konsens darüber, in welchem Ausmaß die Ziele von Open Scholarship erreicht werden müssen, um die Open Scholarship-Bewegung insgesamt als erfolgreich zu deklarieren. Teilweise ist dies auf das Fehlen klar definierter Ziele zurückzuführen, was bedeutet, dass es bisher schwierig war, einen klar formulierten Weg mit definierten Zwischenzielen festzulegen. Die Gesamtlage der unterschiedlichen und teilweise konkurrierenden Akteure sowie der Vielzahl komplexer Prozesse trug dazu auch nur bedingt bei.

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Manche Aspekte scheinen jedoch von allen Beteiligten allgemein akzeptiert werden zu können:

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5. Wichtigste strategische Prioritäten

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Unter Berücksichtigung der oben genannten strategischen Ziele und Erfolgskriterien ist es möglich, mehrere Maßnahmen-Cluster zu definieren, die umgesetzt werden müssen, um die genannten Ziele und Kriterien zu erreichen. Auch wenn es zwar keinen klar proklamierten Konsens der Open Scholarship-Bewegung darüber oder über die explizite Reihenfolge von Priorisierung gibt, so besteht doch Einigkeit darüber, dass alle diese Maßnahmen zumindest bis zu einem gewissen Grad wichtig sind.

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Diese strategischen Cluster adaptieren wir hier von Fecher und Friesike (2013); sie bilden die Grundlage für die skizzierte Gesamtstrategie.

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5.1 Demokratisierung

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In der Überzeugung, dass es eine ungleiche und ungerechte Verteilung des Zugangs zu Wissen gibt, hat Open Scholarship zum Ziel, Wissen aus Wissenschaft und Forschung (einschließlich Publikationen, Code, Methoden, Daten und Lehrmaterialien) für alle mit Zugang zu moderner Technologie (z.B. Computer und Internetanschluss) frei zugänglich und weiter nutzbar zu machen. Insbesondere muss dies für öffentlich geförderte Wissenschaft und Forschung gelten.

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Wichtig ist, dass der demokratische Aspekt von Open Scholarship nicht nur die Forderung nach gleichem Zugang zu Wissen beinhält, sondern auch die offene Befähigung, mit gleichen Möglichkeiten zum Wissen beizutragen, und mit gleichen Rechten an den Entscheidungen der globalen Gemeinschaft teilzunehmen, die sich auf die Schaffung und Verbreitung von Wissen auswirken. Letzteres bedeutet, dass Open Scholarship konträr zu auf Machtstrukturen basierenden, geschlossenen Institutionen wie exklusiven Vereinen und Clubs steht, die auf eine kleine Anzahl von Teilnehmern beschränkt sind, welche für die gesamte internationale Gemeinschaft entscheiden – egal ob diese geschlossenen Vereinigungen von institutionellen und staatlichen Geldgebern unterstützt werden oder exklusive Bottom Up-Organisationen darstellen (z.B. kleine Gruppen angesehener Autorinnen und Autoren).

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In der Tat scheint es ziemlich unwahrscheinlich, dass mehr als 10 Millionen hochgebildete und intelligente Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sich mit Regeln einverstanden zeigen würden, die ohne ihr Zutun von einer kleinen Anzahl von Menschen (oder – schlimmer noch – von Advokatengruppen mit primär finanziellen Interessen) für sie eingeführt wurden. Ein wahrscheinlicheres Szenario ist, dass die neuen Regeln für Open Scholarship in öffentlicher Diskussion durch viele gemeinsame Projekte in kollektiv-geteilter Erstellung – genau wie die hier vorliegende Strategie – erscheinen werden.

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Es wurden zahlreiche spezifizierte Maßnahmen und Herangehensweisen vorgeschlagen, um demokratische Werte in Open Scholarship dezentral zu verwirklichen, darunter Peer-to-Peer- und Blockchain-basierte Mechanismen.

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Wenn wir auf die Etablierung von Prinzipien des Open Scholarship hinarbeiten, erkennen wir an, dass es potentiell Komplexität oder sogar Konflikte auf diesem Weg geben wird, wenn sich Richtlinien, Policies und Arbeitspraktiken weiterentwickeln. Das Bewusstsein für die breitere Wissenschafts-, Forschungs-, und Bildungslandschaft wird dazu beitragen, Open Scholarship so zu positionieren, dass es die größtmögliche Wirkung entfalten kann und das Potenzial anderer, gegenläufiger Policies und Prioritäten abschwächt. So sollten beispielsweise Vorschläge zur Novellierung des Urheberrechts in der EU, die eine Beschränkung der Befugnis zur Durchführung von TDM (Text und Data Mining) oder Maßnahmen zur Förderung des geistigen Eigentums (IP) und der Kommerzialisierung vorsehen, mit Maßnahmen, die eine breite Nutzung von Daten, Forschung und Wissen ermöglichen, in Einklang gebracht werden. Es gibt eine Reihe von aktuellen Initiativen, die auf die Entwicklung von Copyright-Frameworks hinarbeiten, die der Sache von Open Scholarship zuträglich sind.

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Weitere spezifische Aspekte beinhalten:

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5.2 Pragmatismus und Transparenz

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Dem Grundsatz folgend, dass die Schaffung von Wissen durch Zusammenarbeit effizienter und durch Kritik gestärkt wird, versucht Open Scholarship Netzwerkeffekte zu nutzen, indem es Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler verbindet und Prozesse aus Wissenschaft und Forschung auf allen Ebenen transparent macht.

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Eine solche Optimierung kann durch die Modularisierung des Wissensbildungs-Prozesses, die Öffnung der wissenschaftlichen Wertschöpfungskette, die Integration externer Wissensquellen und kollektiver Intelligenz sowie die Erleichterung der Zusammenarbeit durch Online-Tools und -Plattformen erreicht werden. Diese Art von Openness/Offenheit im Forschungsprozess selbst stellt einen Paradigmenwechsel weg vom traditionell geschlossenen und unabhängigen Charakter der Forschung dar.

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Weitere wichtige Aspekte beinhalten:

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5.3 Infrastruktur

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Um die Vorteile von Open Scholarship vollumfänglich nutzen zu können, sind digitale Plattformen, Tools und Dienste für die Verbreitung und Zusammenarbeit erforderlich. Eine solche technische Infrastruktur kann mit aktuellen Standardtechnologien und zu wesentlich geringeren Kosten als herkömmliche Publikationsmechanismen aufgebaut werden.

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Gegenwärtig gibt es einen allgemeinen Mangel an Finanzmitteln und Unterstützung für kritische Aspekte einer offenen wissenschaftlichen Infrastruktur, trotz ihrer klaren Rolle bei der Definition von Forschungspraktiken und -abläufen.

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Beispiele für schon bestehende Infrastrukturen sind das DOAJ, arXiv inkl. fachspezifischer Ausprägungen wie socArXiv, mediArXiv, Humanities Commmons, das Open Science Framework, Sherpa/RoMEO, ORCID, die Open Science Foundation, das Public Knowledge Project, Open Journals und die Open Knowledge Foundation, die neben vielen anderen Diensten einer Reihe von Interessengruppen entscheidende Dienste anbieten. Ohne nachhaltige Finanzierungsquellen sind diese Dienstleistungen nach wie vor anfällig für Zusammenbruch oder den Erwerb durch Akteure des privaten Sektors, wobei letzteres immer häufiger zu beobachten ist.

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Um das Risiko eines Zusammenbruchs dieser offenen Web-Infrastruktur zu verringern und ihre Kapazitäten zu erhöhen, ist eine weitere und kontinuierliche Unterstützung durch Geldgeber für jede Art von nachhaltiger wissenschaftlicher Infrastruktur erforderlich (siehe dazu z.B. Anderson et al., 2017, Lewis et al., 2018). Ein Teil der Budgets der Forschungsförderer sollte dafür bereitgestellt werden (z.B. 2%), und Initiativen wie SCOSS und die Open Research Funders Group sollten in dieser Hinsicht voll unterstützt werden.

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Zu diesen unterstützenswerten Infrastruktureen zählen Elemente wie:

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Ähnlich wie bei öffentlicher Infrastruktur im herkömmlichen Sinne (Straßen, Schienen, Kanalisation, etc.) kann auch offene digitale Infrastruktur als ein Netz von Technologien betrachtet werden, die nicht wirklich Beachtung findet, solange sie problemlos funktioniert. Ähnlich wie ein defektes Straßensystem wird auch bei der digitalen Infrastruktur ihr Wert für den Laien zumeist erst sichtbar, wenn sie nicht mehr so funktioniert, wie man dies bisher gewohnt war. Als Beispiel kann hier vielleicht der Ansatz des automatisierten und integrierten Datenaustausches dienen – wenn sich dies als Standard durchgesetzt hat, wird der Schritt zurück zu Einzeleinreichungen bei Online-Repositorien ohne automatische Metadaten-Generierung erst wirklich als mühsam und ineffizient bewusst.

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Was letztendlich mit solchen Infrastrukturen erreicht werden könnte, ist ein modernisierter Prozess groß angelegter, datenintensiver Forschung, die durch leistungsstarke Computercluster, die alle geographischen, technischen und disziplinären Grenzen überschreiten, kollaborativ betrieben wird.

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Die potenziellen sozialen Aspekte solcher Dienste bedeutet die Entstehung zusätzlicher Möglichkeiten für eine Reihe von Anwendungsfällen – darunter erweitertes Networking, Marketing sowie Informationsaustausch über akademische Grenzen hinweg bspw. mittels Diskussionsforen.

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5.4 Öffentliches Gut

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Basierend auf der Erkenntnis, dass sich echter gesellschaftlicher Impact erst mit gesellschaftlichem Engagement in Wissenschaft und Forschung sowie einer leicht verständlichen Kommunikation wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse entfalten kann, hat Open Scholarship zum Ziel, die Öffentlichkeit zur Zusammenarbeit in der Forschung durch Community Science anzuregen und einzubinden.

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Web 2.0-Technologien sind in der Lage, Wissenschaft durch die Bereitstellung nicht-spezialisierter Zusammenfassungen, mittels Blogging sowie andere weniger formale Kommunikationsmethoden leichter verständlich und zugänglich zu machen. Der gesellschaftliche Impact (z.B. ein besseres Verständnis des Weltgeschehens) sollten für Wissenschaft und Forschung dabei keinen Neben- oder Nischenaspekt darstellen, sondern einen wesentlichen Teil der Motivation darstellen, in Wissenschaft und Forschung tätig zu werden.

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Viele der genannten Punkte beziehen sich auf die sich wandelnde Rolle der oder des Wissen Schaffenden (der Wissenschaftlerin, des Wissenschaftlers) in einer modernen, digitalen Gesellschaft und lässt sich auf zwei Hauptaspekte festlegen:

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  1. den Einfluss, den die breite Öffentlichkeit auf den intrinsischen Forschungsprozess nehmen kann; und
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  2. Das Verständnis dieser Forschung durch ein breiteres nicht-spezialisiertes Publikum, einschließlich effektiver Methoden zur Kommunikation des Themenfelds von Wissenschaft und Forschung.
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Als essentielle Elemente sind hier zu nennen:

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5.5 Messung & Bewertung

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Um das Verhalten von in Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung tätigen Personen zu ändern, ist es notwendig, die Art und Weise der Reputationsgenerierung zu ändern. Zu ändern, wie Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler bewertet werden, bedeutet die Einführung neuer Metriken, die unterschiedliche Werte und Formen wissenschaftlicher Wirkungsweisen widerspiegeln; siehe hierzu zum Beispiel den Metric Tide report oder den EU report on next-generation metrics.

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Jedoch ist festzustellen, dass die Verwendung fortschrittlicher Metriken und Analysen für die Forschungsbewertung innerhalb der Wissenschaft noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt. In der Praxis würde die Suche nach einer Integrationsmöglichkeit von Offenheitsmetriken der Forschung in die Algorithmen des Hochschulrankingsystems direkt dazu führen, dass Offenheitswerte in Policies und Richtlinien eingebettet und entsprechende Maßnahmen nach offenen Kernmetriken ausgerichtet würden. Eine Alternative, die für viele jedoch nicht allzu attraktiv erscheint, wäre die Abschaffung jeglicher Form von Bewertung und Messung, da dies gern rundheraus als schlecht für den Fortschritt von Wissenschaft und Forschung angesehen wird.

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Es gilt mittlerweile als allgemein anerkannt, dass sich traditionelle Metriken zur Messung des wissenschaftlichen Impacts als problematisch erwiesen haben, z.B. durch eine zu starke Fokussierung auf Journal-basierte Publikationen oder durch eine unangemessene Anwendung innerhalb der Ebene einzelner Journals. Als der unrühmlichste Vertreter traditioneller Metriken muss sicherlich der Journal Impact Factor gesehen werden, eine Metrik, die Durchschnittswerte von Zitationen verteilt auf Journals berechnet, aber auf Artikel- und Individualebene oft unangemessen verwendet wird und die Bewertung auf in erfassten Journals publizierte Forschungsergebnisse limitiert und damit innovative Formen der Forschungsbewertung klar schlechter stellt, da diese einfach nicht beachtet werden (Lariviere and Sugimoto, 2018).

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Open Scholarship sucht nach alternativen Metriken (auch bekannt als altmetrics, die jedoch nicht mit der gleichnamigen Firma, Altmetric verwechselt werden sollten), welche den neuen Möglichkeiten digital vernetzter Werkzeuge Rechnung tragen können, mit denen die Wirkung von Wissenschaft und Forschung auch über ehemals unsichtbare Aktivitäten nachverfolgt, erfasst und messbar gemacht werden können. Dazu gehören u.a. Social Sharing, Tagging, Bookmarks, die Aufnahme in kuratierte Sammlungen, Adressierung verschiedener Arten von Lesenden- und Zielgruppen, Beteiligung durch Kommentare und Diskussionen, Rezensionen, sowie die Verwendung oder Zitierung in Nicht-Journal-Formaten, die alle den Kontext eines Forschungsobjekts abbilden. Wichtig ist, dass somit neue Formen der Information über die Verbreitung von Forschung sowie den Prozess der Beteiligung und Zusammenarbeit beinhalten, die dazu beitragen wollen, die traditionelle Sicht der Veröffentlichung als das Ende einer eng gefassten Forschungspipeline zu erweitern.

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Daher sind die Prinzipien verantwortungsvoller Metriken eng mit den Zielen von Open Scholarship verbunden:

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Durch die hier genannten Faktoren kann die Erhebung von Metriken eine zentrale Rolle in der Zukunft von Open Scholarship spielen durch:

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Fragen der Transparenz und Reproduzierbarkeit gelten sowohl für Wissenschaft und Forschung selbst als auch für die Mechanismen, an denen unsere Forschung gemessen wird (z.B. ob eine Metrik unabhängig reproduzierbar ist). Furner, 2014 bietet einen ethischen Rahmen für die Bibliometrie, der auf breitere Metriken verallgemeinert werden kann.

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Natürlich birgt auch die Einführung neuer Metriken Gefahren, da alle Metriken in die Irre geführt bzw. mißbraucht werden können und neue Metriken neue, bisher wenig erforschte Möglichkeiten zur Manipulation bieten. Neue Metriken lösen auch nicht das “Publish-or-Perish”-Problem, sondern übertragen es nur. Damit kommt den qualitativen Bewertungsverfahren auch in der Zukunft der Forschungsbewertung eine große Bedeutung zu.

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5.6 Gemeinschaft und Integration

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Motiviert durch die Erkenntnis, dass Forschung eine Integration möglichst aller Perspektiven und Meinungen genauso erfordert wie die Einbeziehung einer engagierten Community von Akteuren, versucht Open Scholarship sicherzustellen, dass Vielfalt und Integration Grundlage aller wissenschaftlichen Konversation darstellt. Dieser Aspekt wird zwar mit den anderen von Fecher und Frieseke (2013) definierten Denkschulen bzw. Schools of Thought teilweise gestreift, aber aufgrund von zahlreichen geführten Diskussionen und seitdem stattgefundenen Ereignissen sind wir der Meinung, dass ein eigener Abschnitt hier angebracht ist, um die Bedeutung dieses Themas hervorzuheben.

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Zu den wichtigsten Aspekten gehören hier:

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6. Stärken der Open Scholarship-Bewegung

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Dieser Abschnitt der Strategie beschreibt einige der Stärken der sog. Open Scholarship-“Bewegung” oder auch -“Community”.

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Organisationsstruktur und gemeinschaftlicher Impact

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Open Scholarship-Aktivitäten als Teil einer breiteren Openness-Bewegung profitieren von Synergien aus Kooperationen mit Befürwortern aus anderen Sektoren. So wird beispielsweise Open Scholarship als Schnittstelle zu Open Education gesehen, kann aber auch auf einen Erfahrungsschatz und Policies zurückgreifen, die im Austausch mit der Open Source-Bewegung geformt und gestärkt wurden.

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Vielfältige Beteiligung engagierter Individuen

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Bedeutende Erfolge in Open Scholarship sind oft durch die Arbeit leidenschaftlich engagierter Verfechterinnen und Verfechter möglich, insbesondere in den Bereichen Policy, Interessensvertretung und der Einführung des Themas in neuen Bereichen.

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Für das Open Scholarship-Movement werden sie besonders wichtig, wenn ihre Erfahrungen und ihr Wissen durch den Aufbau von Kooperationen, Netzwerken und Gemeinschaften und Mentorenmodellen geteilt und vervielfältigt werden können.

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Forschungskraft und Evidenz zur Unterstützung von Open Scholarship-Praktiken

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Es wird mehr und mehr deutlich, dass Open Scholarship in all seinen Facetten sinnvoll erscheint. Entsprechende Übersichten bspw. von McKiernan et al., 2016, Tennant et al., 2016, sowie McKiernan, 2017 und Katz et al., 2018 können hier als Einstieg dienen. Der Impact des Open Scholarship-Unterfangens ist mittlerweile auf zahlreichen Ebenen – von der Praxis des Einzelnen bis hin zu inter-/nationalen Policies zu Open Access und Open Science sichtbar.

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Wichtige Projekte, Gruppen und Wissenschaftler haben verschiedene Aspekte von Open Scholarship und deren Auswirkungen erforscht und als so gut wie ausschließlich positiv bewertet. Während die Bewegung wächst, wird sich die Evidenzbasis und die Tiefe der kritischen Analyse weiter entwickeln und reifen.

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Breite Kreativität bei der Erarbeitung technischer und soziotechnischer Lösungen

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Als Beispiel kann hier der “grüne” und”goldene” Weg zu Open Access dienen. Grünes OA bezieht sich hier auf das Recht der Selbstarchivierung, wohingegen Gold OA die Veröffentlichung in einer Open Access-Zeitschrift benennt. Obwohl davon abgesehen auch Varianten existieren (z.B. Diamant, Bronze, Platin OA), so haben die Modelle von Grünem und Goldenem OA die weiteste Verbreitung über geografische, institutionelle oder sektorale Bereiche hinweg.

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Die Zunahme und Adoption des Preprint-Modells als Methode, um Forschungsergebnisse schneller verfügbar und transparenter zu machen. In den letzten zwei Jahren hat dies zu einer sich schnell entwickelnden Landschaft rund um Preprints geführt, in der sich technologische Innovationen und Praktiken der Communities gegenseitig bei der Weiterentwicklung unterstützen.

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Verfügbarkeit von Open Scholarship-Erklärungen, Satzungen und Chartas

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Das kontinuierlich wachsende Spektrum an hochrangigen Deklarationen zur Unterstützung von Offenheit/Openness (üblicherweise in der Form von Open Access, aber oft auch weiter gefasst) bietet intern konsistente Ziele und Maßnahmen, die das Ergebnis zahlreicher Diskussionen und intensiver Arbeit auf unterschiedlichsten Levels darstellen.

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Starke Impulssetzung zur Entwicklung von Policy-Modellen

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Dieser Aspekt ergibt sich aus einer Kombination von dynamischen, breit angelegten und kohärenten Top-Down-Ansätzen (politische Initiativen von Geldgebern, Regierungen, Institutionen) mit Bottom-Up-Ansätzen (Graswurzel-Bewegungen, Individuen). Es ist weiterhin essentiell, dass die Agenda für Open Scholarship auf höchster politischer Ebene anerkannt bleibt. Das UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee into research integrity oder die durch internationale Fördergremien initiierte cOAlition S können als Beispiel dafür gelten.

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Eine Herausforderung, die Top-Down-Policies mit sich bringen, ist die Tatsache, dass Institutionen wie Regierungen und Geldgeber normativ vorgeben, an welche Regeln Forschende sich in Bezug auf Datenaustausch, offenen Code und ähnliches zu halten haben, aber oftmals keine entsprechenden Ressourcen oder Infrastruktur bereitstellen, um dieses Verhalten zu ermöglichen.

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Bottom-Up-Policies wiederum verknüpfen oftmals Best-Practices aus bestehenden Wissenschaftsgemeinschaften und sind im Vergleich zu Top-Down-Ansätzen häufiger freiwillige Selbstverpflichtungen im Gegensatz zum obligatorischen Dogma. Eine Bewertung des Alignments zwischen Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Policies könnte dazu beitragen, Synergien aus beide Ansätzen zu schaffen und somit Open Scholarship besser zu fördern.

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Vielfalt an Zielen ermöglicht Fortschritte an vielen Fronten gleichzeitig

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Betrachtet man die thematische Breite von Open Scholarship (z.B. Open Access, Open Evaluation, Open Data, Open Source, Cititzen Science) und die enorme Vielfalt der Organisationen und Individuen, die die Weiterentwicklung dieser Bereiche vorantreiben, so wird deutlich, die sich verändernde Themenlandschaft der Bewegung zu erfassen.

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Für eine konzertierte Weiterentwicklung wird es daher entscheidend sein, dass diese Bemühungen in Zukunft stärker miteinander verknüpft werden.

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Geographische Heterogenität und Unterschiede in der erfolgreichen Realisierung von Initiativen

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Als Beispiel sei hier die die Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) genannt, die sich in Lateinamerika, Portugal und Südafrika etabliert hat. Ebenso erfreut sich Africa Journals Online (AJOL) auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent großer Beliebtheit.

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Open Scholarship wurde von wichtigen internationalen Organisationen, die in Wissenschaft, Forschung und Lehre tätig sind, anerkannt und erfährt Unterstützung durch Institutionen auf der ganzen Welt.

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Open Scholarship folgt im Allgemeinen einer gemeinsame Sprache (zumeist Englisch), um das Verständnis untereinander zu erleichtern. Weiter unten wird weiter darauf eingegangen, inwiefern dies auch eine Herausforderung darstellen kann.

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Zugänglichkeit, Benutzerfreundlichkeit und Verbreitung

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Das Open Scholarship-Movement veröffentlicht Artikel und Ressourcen, die in der Regel kostenlos sind, von Suchmaschinen gut gefunden werden können, leicht auf mobilen Geräten zu lesen und schnell mit Hilfe eingängiger Grafiken und Multimedia-Inhalten illustriert sind. Die Bereitschaft, zeitgemäße Technologien zu nutzen, hilft dem Open Scholarship-Movement dabei, ihre Ideen schneller in die Breite zu tragen, als dies mit traditionellen Publikationsmethoden möglich wäre.

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Entsprechende Praktiken wie die aktive Nutzung plattformunabhängiger Textformatierung (z.B. durch die Auszeichnungssprache Markdown), die Bereitstellung wohlgeformter Dokumentstrukturen über klar ausgezeichnete Überschriften, Absätze, etc, und eine proaktive Zuordnung von Alt-Texten für Bilder und beschreibende Informationen für Grafiken, Videos usw. trägt nicht nur dazu bei, Informationen maschinenlesbar zu machen, die für die korrekte Verbreitung von Informationen über das Semantic Web benötigt werden, sondern hat auch den Vorteil, dass diese Informationen auch barrierefrei zugänglich sind (siehe z.B. die grundlegenden Accessibility Guidelines des UK Home Office Digital).

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7. Herausforderungen, denen sich die Bewegung gegenübersieht

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Diese Herausforderungen stellen potenzielle Schwerpunkte der zukünftigen Diskussion, Forschung und Policy-Entwicklung dar. Sie umfassen sowohl externe Bedingungen im größeren Ökosystem von Wissenschaft und Forschung als auch interne Bedingungen, die innerhalb der Open Scholarship-Bewegung bestehen. Nicht alle Herausforderungen sind gleich oder in jedem potenziellen Kontext oder in jeder lokalen Community vorhanden. Die folgenden Aspekte werden jedoch häufig in Diskussionen über Open Scholarship-Strategien diskutiert und sollten daher hier hervorgehoben werden.

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7.1 Externe Bedingungen

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Den Einfluss privatwirtschaftlicher Interessen mit der Bewegung in Einklang bringen

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Es besteht derzeit wenig Konsens darüber, ob Open Scholarship in Zukunft ausschließlich durch gemeinnützige Einrichtungen betrieben werden sollte, die von der globalen Wissenschaftscommunity gesteuert werden (einschließlich Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen, non-profits und NGOs), oder ob es Raum für private oder geschäftliche Interessen geben kann.

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Es scheint denkbar und wahrscheinlich, dass die Zukunft ein gemischtes Modell hervorbringen wird, das alle Akteurstypen vereint, obwohl die relative Position, Macht und der Status dieser Akteure noch unklar ist und weitere Entwicklungen abzuwarten sind. Hier bedarf es weiterer Diskussionen, um die weit verbreitete Trägheit der aktuellen Geschäftsmodelle zu überwinden. Dies schließt ein:

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Politische Agenden

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Open Scholarship zeichnet sich durch zahlreiche konkurrierende, parallele oder sich überschneidende Definitionen in Bezug auf Forschungsprinzipien und -praxis aus. Dementsprechend entwickeln Stakeholder wie Regierungen, öffentliche und private Geldgeber und Forschungs- und Weiterbildungs-Institutionen kontinuierlich Strategien mit unterschiedlicher Ausprägung zur Steuerung von Open Scholarship-Initiativen.

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Diese Richtlinien überspannen Ländergrenzen, wissenschaftliche Disziplinen sowie Aspekte des Open Scholarship-Ökosystems und schreiben der Wissenschafts- und Forschungsgemeinschaft unter anderem durch staatliche Maßnahmen, Förderungsanforderungen und institutionelle Mandate Regeln, Vorschriften und Richtlinien vor.

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Bewusstsein der Forschenden, und Apathie

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Sprache und Erscheinungsbild der Community

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Urheberrecht

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Einbeziehung nicht-akademischer Akteure

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7.2 Interne Bedingungen

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Wachstumsrate

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Alle aktuellen Erkenntnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich die Dynamik von Open Scholarship im Hinblick auf ein breiteres Verständnis von Themen und die Übernahme von entsprechenden Praktiken (z.B. in Bezug auf die Anzahl der institutionellen Open Access-Policies, wie von ROARMAP angegeben) verstärkt.

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Diese Verteilung geschieht jedoch oft langsam und graduell, und hat vielfach mit Reibungen zu kämpfen. Daher sollte weiter vielfach experimentiert werden, um die Anwendbarkeit von offenen Praktiken auch in größerem Maßstab zu demonstrieren, um daraus abgeleitet eine weiter steigende Wachstumsrate und den umfassenden Impact von Open Scholarship zu erhöhen.

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Vermeidung von Auseinandersetzungen um Partikulardetails

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Oftmals scheint die Open Scholarship-Bewegung relativ streitlustig zu sein, wenn es um Kleinigkeiten geht, ohne dass Einigkeit über die grundlegenden Fragen erzielt wurde.

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Eine Konzentration auf die Kernprinzipien und die Feststellung, dass diese als gemeinsame Basis einen fruchtbaren Boden für weitere, produktive Diskussionen um Open Scholarship bilden, sollte stets im Auge behalten werden.

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Überwindung des Mangels an Finanzierung von Open Scholarship

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Mangelnde Geduld unter den Befürwortern von Open Scholarship

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Den Limitationen von Openness gegenüber nicht offen zu sein

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Umgang mit (Mangel an) Vielfalt

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8. Chancen

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9. Bedrohungen, die die Bewegung gefährden könnten

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Die Implementierung von Open Access betreffende Hindernisse

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Zu den im Open Access-Bereich schon vielfach geäußerten Elementen zählen:

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Hindernisse für den offenen Austausch von Forschungsdaten

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Anreize und Kennzahlen

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Große kommerzielle Verlage

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Widerstand gegen Veränderungen

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Outlook

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Es ist wichtig, hier abschließend herauszustellen, dass alle potentiell beteiligten Personen selbstverständlich weiterhin das tun können, was sie bereits gut getan haben – auch wenn sie Open Scholarship als neues Handlungsfeld annehmen. Mit Weller, 2014, Veletsianos und Kimmons, 2016 und McKiernan, 2017 sehen wir Inklusivität als ein entscheidendes Merkmal der sozialen Bewegung, die Open Scholarship darstellt. Während das, was wir hier beschrieben haben, im Idealfall alle vorgenannten Praktiken umfassen kann, kann ein Engagement in Open Science und Scholarshio als Instanzen in einem Spektrum von Praktiken angesehen werden, in welchem jedes Individuum für sich selbst aushandelt muss, wie es sich dazu positionieren möchte.

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Daher sollten zukünftige Kommunikationsbemühungen darauf konzentrieren, deutlich zu machen, dass Praktiken der Openness keineswegs komplett neue Handlungsweisen darstellen, sondern vielfach “nur” effizientere und damit lohnenswertere Variationen von derzeitigen Praktiken darstellen. Darüber hinaus lohnt es, sich klar zu machen, dass Offenheit in Wissenschaft, Forschung und Lehre eine lange Tradition hat, derer wir uns zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts neu besinnen sollten – damit die u.a. von Watson, 2015 gestellte rhetorische Frage “When will ‘open science’ become simply ‘science’?” bald mit einem “Heute und hier!” beantwortet werden kann.

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11. Schlusswort

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Wir befinden uns inmitten einer rasanten globalen Weiterentwicklung von Tools, Services und Konzepten im Bereich Open Scholarship; jedoch gab es bis heute wenig strategische Koordination bei der Umsetzung der verschiedenen Aspekte von Open Scholarship. Einfach mehr Zeit, Mühe und Geld in die Aufrechterhaltung des Status Quo zu investieren, mit obskuren und fehlgeleiteten Anreizen und einer verzerrten Abhängigkeits- und Machtdynamik, ist für das globale Wissenschaftssystem eindeutig nicht mehr tragbar.

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Dieses Dokument möchte eine umfassende und strategische Lösung für dieses Problem bieten. Indem es Open Scholarship in seine konstituierenden Elemente zerlegt, ermutigt es die zahlreichen involvierten Communities, als Kollektiv kleine Schritte in Richtung einer offeneren Kultur mit relativ geringem Aufwand zu unternehmen. Ausführlich haben wir die Vor- und Nachteile dieser vorgeschlagenen Schritte diskutiert und die Gründe, potenzielle Bedrohungen sowie die vorhandenen Stärken und unterstützenden Initiativen des Movements um Open Scholarship skizziert. Wir glauben, dass eine koordinierte Umsetzung dieser Strategie notwendig sein wird, um sicherzustellen, dass wir nicht auf Lösungen zurückgreifen, die die weitere Entwicklung offener Forschungspraktiken auf globaler Ebene behindern könnten.

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Um zu vermeiden, dass die Forschungsgemeinschaft in den nächsten großen profitorientierten Businessplan eingebunden wird, der nur Lippenbekenntnisse zu den Leitwerten, Prinzipien und Praktiken des Open Scholarship abgibt, muss die Wissenschaft ihre wissenschaftliche Praxis auf offene Grundprinzipien ausrichten – vor allem auf den freien Zugang zu Wissenschaft und Forschung, aber auch auf die Möglichkeit, frei an Forschungsergebnissen in all ihren Formen teilzunehmen und diese wiederzuverwenden. Wir sehen diese Freiheiten als wesentlich für jedwege Art von Zukunft des Open Scholarship.

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Wichtiger Hinweis Der neueste Projektentwurf befindet sich in Entwicklung und ist für Beiträge unter GitHub verfügbar. Bitte beachte die Datei README für weitere Details; die Hauptinhaltsdatei zum Bearbeiten ist hier zu finden. Änderungen an dieser Datei werden, sofern durch die Moderation genehmigt, automatisch auf dieser Webseite aktualisiert.

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12. Quellenangaben

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References

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Anderson et al. (2017) Towards coordinated international support of core date resources for the Life Sciences. DOI: 10.1101/110825

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Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society: Good practices for university open-access policies. link

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Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society: How to make your work open access. link

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Brembs et al. (2018) Deep impact: unintended consequences of journal rank. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00291

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Tennant (2018) How to make your work 100% Open Access for free and legally (multi-lingual). DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3943972.v7

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Veletsianos and Kimmons (2012) Assumptions and challenges of open scholarship. DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v13i4.1313

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Watson (2015) When will ‘open science’ become simply ‘science’? DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0669-2

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Weller (2014) The Battle for Open: How openness won and why it doesn’t feel like victory. DOI: 10.5334/bam

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Wilkinson et al. (2016) The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18

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Wilsdon et al. (2017) Next-generation metrics: Responsible metrics and evaluation for open science. DOI: 10.2777/337729

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Woelfle et al. (2011) Open science is a research accelerator. DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1149

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Referenzierte Tools und Services

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Referenzierte Gruppen und Organisationen

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Header image by Mark König on Unsplash.

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We also aimed to develop guidance for standardised reporting of funding information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We addressed the extent to which clinical trials published in 2015 in any of the 119 Core Clinical Journals included a statement on the funding source (eg, whether a not-for-profit organisation was supported by a private-for-profit organisation), type of funding, amount and role of funder. We used a stepwise approach to develop a guidance and an instrument for standardised reporting of funding information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 200 trials, 178 (89%) included a funding statement, of which 171 (96%) reported being funded. Funding statements in the 171 funded trials indicated the source in 100%, amount in 1% and roles of funders in 50%. The most frequent sources were governmental (58%) and private-for-profit (40%). Of 54 funding statements in which the source was a not-for-profit organisation, we found evidence of undisclosed support of those from private-for-profit organisation(s) in 26 (48%). The most frequently reported roles of funders in the 171 funded trials related to study design (42%) and data analysis, interpretation or management (41%). Of 139 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) addressing pharmacological or surgical interventions, 29 (21%) reported information on the supplier of the medication or device. The proposed guidance addresses both the funding information that RCTs should report and the reporting process. Attached to the guidance is a fillable PDF document for use as an instrument for standardised reporting of funding information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Although the majority of RCTs report funding, there is considerable variability in the reporting of funding source, amount and roles of funders. 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These advances have enabled a radical transformation of the practice of science, which is now more open, more global and collaborative, and closer to society than ever. Open science has therefore become an increasingly important topic. Moreover, as open science is actively pursued by several high-profile funders and institutions, it has fast become a crucial matter to all researchers. However, because this widespread interest in open science has emerged relatively recently, its definition and implementation are constantly shifting and evolving, sometimes leaving researchers in doubt about how to adopt open science, and which are the best practices to follow.<\/jats:p>\n This article therefore aims to be a field guide for scientists who want to perform science in the open, offering resources and tips to make open science happen in the four key areas of data, code, publications and peer-review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.2689v1","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,13]],"date-time":"2018-01-13T06:17:43Z","timestamp":1515824263000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":"Do you speak open science? Resources and tips to learn the language","prefix":"10.7287","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-1195","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paola","family":"Masuzzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4277-658X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lennart","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"4443","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/preprints\/2689v1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/preprints\/2689v1.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/preprints\/2689v1.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/preprints\/2689v1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1577118760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/preprints\/2689v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.7287\/peerj.preprints.2689v1","relation":{},"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"subtype":"preprint"}' recorded_at: Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:25:43 GMT - request: method: get uri: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002614 body: encoding: UTF-8 string: '' headers: Accept: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Connection: - close Host: - doi.org User-Agent: - http.rb/5.1.1 response: status: code: 302 message: Found headers: Date: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:25:45 GMT Content-Type: - text/html;charset=utf-8 Content-Length: - '233' Connection: - close Location: - https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002614/transform Vary: - Accept Expires: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 15:22:11 GMT Permissions-Policy: - interest-cohort=(),browsing-topics=() Cf-Cache-Status: - DYNAMIC Report-To: - '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=XEVNjigOfkT21xFLMLkZKw%2Fl9w1TuCg%2Bd0ETX1YAb8xSR8hb51EiiX6fwK%2FBJXJ3nulZ6%2FBilmLm%2BtY8OOw%2B8%2BA7Tn7Ig0QZ6DfVQ067xIZ4xS5ZK73dymM%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}' Nel: - '{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}' Strict-Transport-Security: - max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload Server: - cloudflare Cf-Ray: - 802762103dadbb83-FRA Alt-Svc: - h3=":443"; ma=86400 body: encoding: UTF-8 string: |- Handle Redirect https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002614/transform recorded_at: Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:25:45 GMT - request: method: get uri: https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1002614/transform body: encoding: UTF-8 string: '' headers: Accept: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Connection: - close User-Agent: - http.rb/5.1.1 Host: - api.crossref.org response: status: code: 200 message: OK headers: Date: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:25:46 GMT Content-Type: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Transfer-Encoding: - chunked Vary: - Accept Link: - ; rel="canonical", ; version="vor"; rel="item", ; version="vor"; rel="license", ; title="Erin C. McKiernan"; rel="author" Access-Control-Expose-Headers: - Link Access-Control-Allow-Headers: - X-Requested-With, Accept, Accept-Encoding, Accept-Charset, Accept-Language, Accept-Ranges, Cache-Control Access-Control-Allow-Origin: - "*" Server: - Jetty(9.4.40.v20210413) X-Ratelimit-Limit: - '50' X-Ratelimit-Interval: - 1s X-Api-Pool: - public X-Rate-Limit-Limit: - '50' X-Rate-Limit-Interval: - 1s Permissions-Policy: - interest-cohort=() Connection: - close body: encoding: ASCII-8BIT string: '{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T22:56:57Z","timestamp":1692831417725},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosbiology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T17:59:08Z","timestamp":1508867948000},"page":"e1002614","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":"Imagining the \u201copen\u201d university: Sharing scholarship to improve research and education","prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-5221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Erin C.","family":"McKiernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"D.E. 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The next stage comprises making active use of the introduced content/material in a collaborative learning context as part of this seminar or working group) (yellow). This then might include, or be followed up by, shared instances of revising and optimization of the materials used, based on the experiences made and feedback gained during the session (green). Further contemplating on the experiences made, the teacher and/or the learners involved share their thoughts on these practices and examples online (blue).\n\nThe diagram lists the described stages' scenarios (text on the right) and corresponding open tools (ideally open source) (icons below the rainbow).\n\nWhat needs to be emphasized here is the possibility of an iterative process optimization. This points towards the possibility of not necessarily going through Stage 1 (light red) in a linear way up to the last stage (blue), but rather making use of continuous back- and cross-referencing of neighbouring stages (indicated in the graphic via fluid color transitions).\n\n***\n\nThe graphic is provided in various formats (ai, psd, png, jpg, eps, svg) and released as Creative Commons Zero (CC0), so as to be open for further remixing ;)\n\n***\n\nTo the extent possible under law, Tobias Steiner has waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to 'Open Educational Practice (OEP): collection of scenarios'. This work is published from: Germany.", "DOI": "10.5281/ZENODO.1183805", "publisher": "Zenodo", "title": "Open Educational Practice (Oep): Collection Of Scenarios", "URL": "https://zenodo.org/record/1183805", "copyright": "Open Access" } recorded_at: Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:26:14 GMT - request: method: get uri: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8460.3 body: encoding: UTF-8 string: '' headers: Accept: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Connection: - close Host: - doi.org User-Agent: - http.rb/5.1.1 response: status: code: 302 message: Found headers: Date: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:26:15 GMT Content-Type: - text/html;charset=utf-8 Content-Length: - '235' Connection: - close Location: - https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.12688%2Ff1000research.8460.3/transform Vary: - Accept Expires: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 15:22:11 GMT Permissions-Policy: - interest-cohort=(),browsing-topics=() Cf-Cache-Status: - DYNAMIC Report-To: - '{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v3?s=g2urK7WH3lPSZoue1Eb0Ei1qtgMKFhd4QsDR82T8paWWJ2SWE7R1zGmx0W8KNnrf4zrziIr%2FQOZfKNMi5kFYDGasaSa5andzE8ZXief2XdN3fVl5I9K4YXM%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}' Nel: - '{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}' Strict-Transport-Security: - max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload Server: - cloudflare Cf-Ray: - 802762cbbebe198f-FRA Alt-Svc: - h3=":443"; ma=86400 body: encoding: UTF-8 string: |- Handle Redirect https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.12688%2Ff1000research.8460.3/transform recorded_at: Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:26:15 GMT - request: method: get uri: https://api.crossref.org/v1/works/10.12688%2Ff1000research.8460.3/transform body: encoding: UTF-8 string: '' headers: Accept: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Connection: - close User-Agent: - http.rb/5.1.1 Host: - api.crossref.org response: status: code: 200 message: OK headers: Date: - Wed, 06 Sep 2023 14:26:15 GMT Content-Type: - application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json Transfer-Encoding: - chunked Vary: - Accept Link: - !binary |- 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 Access-Control-Expose-Headers: - Link Access-Control-Allow-Headers: - X-Requested-With, Accept, Accept-Encoding, Accept-Charset, Accept-Language, Accept-Ranges, Cache-Control Access-Control-Allow-Origin: - "*" Server: - Jetty(9.4.40.v20210413) X-Ratelimit-Limit: - '50' X-Ratelimit-Interval: - 1s X-Api-Pool: - public X-Rate-Limit-Limit: - '50' X-Rate-Limit-Interval: - 1s Permissions-Policy: - interest-cohort=() Connection: - close body: encoding: ASCII-8BIT string: '{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1693996299847},"update-to":[{"updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8460.1","type":"new_version","label":"New version"},{"updated":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8460.2","type":"new_version","label":"New version"}],"reference-count":185,"publisher":"F1000 Research Ltd","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["f1000research.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"abstract":"Ongoing debates surrounding Open Access to the scholarly literature are multifaceted and complicated by disparate and often polarised viewpoints from engaged stakeholders. At the current stage, Open Access has become such a global issue that it is critical for all involved in scholarly publishing, including policymakers, publishers, research funders, governments, learned societies, librarians, and academic communities, to be well-informed on the history, benefits, and pitfalls of Open Access. In spite of this, there is a general lack of consensus regarding the potential pros and cons of Open Access at multiple levels. This review aims to be a resource for current knowledge on the impacts of Open Access by synthesizing important research in three major areas: academic, economic and societal. While there is clearly much scope for additional research, several key trends are identified, including a broad citation advantage for researchers who publish openly, as well as additional benefits to the non-academic dissemination of their work. The economic impact of Open Access is less well-understood, although it is clear that access to the research literature is key for innovative enterprises, and a range of governmental and non-governmental services. Furthermore, Open Access has the potential to save both publishers and research funders considerable amounts of financial resources, and can provide some economic benefits to traditionally subscription-based journals. The societal impact of Open Access is strong, in particular for advancing citizen science initiatives, and leveling the playing field for researchers in developing countries. Open Access supersedes all potential alternative modes of access to the scholarly literature through enabling unrestricted re-use, and long-term stability independent of financial constraints of traditional publishers that impede knowledge sharing. However, Open Access has the potential to become unsustainable for research communities if high-cost options are allowed to continue to prevail in a widely unregulated scholarly publishing market. Open Access remains only one of the multiple challenges that the scholarly publishing system is currently facing. Yet, it provides one foundation for increasing engagement with researchers regarding ethical standards of publishing and the broader implications of ''Open Research''.<\/ns4:p>","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8460.3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T10:50:06Z","timestamp":1474455006000},"page":"632","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":"The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review","prefix":"10.12688","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7794-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Tennant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5599-7456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Waldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9069-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien C.","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Masuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"http:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5767-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Collister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris. 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