/*
 * Copyright 2018-2019 Uber Technologies, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
/** @file localij.c
 * @brief   Local IJ coordinate space functions
 *
 * These functions try to provide a useful coordinate space in the vicinity of
 * an origin index.
 */
#include <assert.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

#include "baseCells.h"
#include "faceijk.h"
#include "h3Index.h"
#include "mathExtensions.h"

/**
 * Origin leading digit -> index leading digit -> rotations 60 cw
 * Either being 1 (K axis) is invalid.
 * No good default at 0.
 */
const int PENTAGON_ROTATIONS[7][7] = {
    {0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},        // 0
    {-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1},  // 1
    {0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},        // 2
    {0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0},        // 3
    {0, -1, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0},        // 4
    {0, -1, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0},        // 5
    {0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},        // 6
};
/**
 * Reverse base cell direction -> leading index digit -> rotations 60 ccw.
 * For reversing the rotation introduced in PENTAGON_ROTATIONS when
 * the origin is on a pentagon (regardless of the base cell of the index.)
 */
const int PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE[7][7] = {
    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 0
    {-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1},  // 1
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 2
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},         // 3
    {0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 4
    {0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0},         // 5
    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 6
};
/**
 * Reverse base cell direction -> leading index digit -> rotations 60 ccw.
 * For reversing the rotation introduced in PENTAGON_ROTATIONS when the index is
 * on a pentagon and the origin is not.
 */
const int PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE_NONPOLAR[7][7] = {
    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 0
    {-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1},  // 1
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 2
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},         // 3
    {0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 4
    {0, 1, 0, 5, 1, 1, 0},         // 5
    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 6
};
/**
 * Reverse base cell direction -> leading index digit -> rotations 60 ccw.
 * For reversing the rotation introduced in PENTAGON_ROTATIONS when the index is
 * on a polar pentagon and the origin is not.
 */
const int PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE_POLAR[7][7] = {
    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},         // 0
    {-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1},  // 1
    {0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},         // 2
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0},         // 3
    {0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1},         // 4
    {0, 1, 0, 5, 1, 1, 0},         // 5
    {0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1},         // 6
};

/**
 * Prohibited directions when unfolding a pentagon.
 *
 * Indexes by two directions, both relative to the pentagon base cell. The first
 * is the direction of the origin index and the second is the direction of the
 * index to unfold. Direction refers to the direction from base cell to base
 * cell if the indexes are on different base cells, or the leading digit if
 * within the pentagon base cell.
 *
 * This previously included a Class II/Class III check but these were removed
 * due to failure cases. It's possible this could be restricted to a narrower
 * set of a failure cases. Currently, the logic is any unfolding across more
 * than one icosahedron face is not permitted.
 */
const bool FAILED_DIRECTIONS[7][7] = {
    {false, false, false, false, false, false, false},  // 0
    {false, false, false, false, false, false, false},  // 1
    {false, false, false, false, true, true, false},    // 2
    {false, false, false, false, true, false, true},    // 3
    {false, false, true, true, false, false, false},    // 4
    {false, false, true, false, false, false, true},    // 5
    {false, false, false, true, false, true, false},    // 6
};

/**
 * Produces ijk+ coordinates for an index anchored by an origin.
 *
 * The coordinate space used by this function may have deleted
 * regions or warping due to pentagonal distortion.
 *
 * Coordinates are only comparable if they come from the same
 * origin index.
 *
 * Failure may occur if the index is too far away from the origin
 * or if the index is on the other side of a pentagon.
 *
 * @param origin An anchoring index for the ijk+ coordinate system.
 * @param index Index to find the coordinates of
 * @param out ijk+ coordinates of the index will be placed here on success
 * @return 0 on success, or another value on failure.
 */
int h3ToLocalIjk(H3Index origin, H3Index h3, CoordIJK* out) {
    int res = H3_GET_RESOLUTION(origin);

    if (res != H3_GET_RESOLUTION(h3)) {
        return 1;
    }

    int originBaseCell = H3_GET_BASE_CELL(origin);
    int baseCell = H3_GET_BASE_CELL(h3);

    // Direction from origin base cell to index base cell
    Direction dir = CENTER_DIGIT;
    Direction revDir = CENTER_DIGIT;
    if (originBaseCell != baseCell) {
        dir = _getBaseCellDirection(originBaseCell, baseCell);
        if (dir == INVALID_DIGIT) {
            // Base cells are not neighbors, can't unfold.
            return 2;
        }
        revDir = _getBaseCellDirection(baseCell, originBaseCell);
        assert(revDir != INVALID_DIGIT);
    }

    int originOnPent = _isBaseCellPentagon(originBaseCell);
    int indexOnPent = _isBaseCellPentagon(baseCell);

    FaceIJK indexFijk = {0};
    if (dir != CENTER_DIGIT) {
        // Rotate index into the orientation of the origin base cell.
        // cw because we are undoing the rotation into that base cell.
        int baseCellRotations = baseCellNeighbor60CCWRots[originBaseCell][dir];
        if (indexOnPent) {
            for (int i = 0; i < baseCellRotations; i++) {
                h3 = _h3RotatePent60cw(h3);

                revDir = _rotate60cw(revDir);
                if (revDir == K_AXES_DIGIT) revDir = _rotate60cw(revDir);
            }
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < baseCellRotations; i++) {
                h3 = _h3Rotate60cw(h3);

                revDir = _rotate60cw(revDir);
            }
        }
    }
    // Face is unused. This produces coordinates in base cell coordinate space.
    _h3ToFaceIjkWithInitializedFijk(h3, &indexFijk);

    if (dir != CENTER_DIGIT) {
        assert(baseCell != originBaseCell);
        assert(!(originOnPent && indexOnPent));

        int pentagonRotations = 0;
        int directionRotations = 0;

        if (originOnPent) {
            int originLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(origin);

            if (FAILED_DIRECTIONS[originLeadingDigit][dir]) {
                // TODO: We may be unfolding the pentagon incorrectly in this
                // case; return an error code until this is guaranteed to be
                // correct.
                return 3;
            }

            directionRotations = PENTAGON_ROTATIONS[originLeadingDigit][dir];
            pentagonRotations = directionRotations;
        } else if (indexOnPent) {
            int indexLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(h3);

            if (FAILED_DIRECTIONS[indexLeadingDigit][revDir]) {
                // TODO: We may be unfolding the pentagon incorrectly in this
                // case; return an error code until this is guaranteed to be
                // correct.
                return 4;
            }

            pentagonRotations = PENTAGON_ROTATIONS[revDir][indexLeadingDigit];
        }

        assert(pentagonRotations >= 0);
        assert(directionRotations >= 0);

        for (int i = 0; i < pentagonRotations; i++) {
            _ijkRotate60cw(&indexFijk.coord);
        }

        CoordIJK offset = {0};
        _neighbor(&offset, dir);
        // Scale offset based on resolution
        for (int r = res - 1; r >= 0; r--) {
            if (isResClassIII(r + 1)) {
                // rotate ccw
                _downAp7(&offset);
            } else {
                // rotate cw
                _downAp7r(&offset);
            }
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < directionRotations; i++) {
            _ijkRotate60cw(&offset);
        }

        // Perform necessary translation
        _ijkAdd(&indexFijk.coord, &offset, &indexFijk.coord);
        _ijkNormalize(&indexFijk.coord);
    } else if (originOnPent && indexOnPent) {
        // If the origin and index are on pentagon, and we checked that the base
        // cells are the same or neighboring, then they must be the same base
        // cell.
        assert(baseCell == originBaseCell);

        int originLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(origin);
        int indexLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(h3);

        if (FAILED_DIRECTIONS[originLeadingDigit][indexLeadingDigit]) {
            // TODO: We may be unfolding the pentagon incorrectly in this case;
            // return an error code until this is guaranteed to be correct.
            return 5;
        }

        int withinPentagonRotations =
            PENTAGON_ROTATIONS[originLeadingDigit][indexLeadingDigit];

        for (int i = 0; i < withinPentagonRotations; i++) {
            _ijkRotate60cw(&indexFijk.coord);
        }
    }

    *out = indexFijk.coord;
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Produces an index for ijk+ coordinates anchored by an origin.
 *
 * The coordinate space used by this function may have deleted
 * regions or warping due to pentagonal distortion.
 *
 * Failure may occur if the coordinates are too far away from the origin
 * or if the index is on the other side of a pentagon.
 *
 * @param origin An anchoring index for the ijk+ coordinate system.
 * @param ijk IJK+ Coordinates to find the index of
 * @param out The index will be placed here on success
 * @return 0 on success, or another value on failure.
 */
int localIjkToH3(H3Index origin, const CoordIJK* ijk, H3Index* out) {
    int res = H3_GET_RESOLUTION(origin);
    int originBaseCell = H3_GET_BASE_CELL(origin);
    int originOnPent = _isBaseCellPentagon(originBaseCell);

    // This logic is very similar to faceIjkToH3
    // initialize the index
    *out = H3_INIT;
    H3_SET_MODE(*out, H3_HEXAGON_MODE);
    H3_SET_RESOLUTION(*out, res);

    // check for res 0/base cell
    if (res == 0) {
        if (ijk->i > 1 || ijk->j > 1 || ijk->k > 1) {
            // out of range input
            return 1;
        }

        const Direction dir = _unitIjkToDigit(ijk);
        const int newBaseCell = _getBaseCellNeighbor(originBaseCell, dir);
        if (newBaseCell == INVALID_BASE_CELL) {
            // Moving in an invalid direction off a pentagon.
            return 1;
        }
        H3_SET_BASE_CELL(*out, newBaseCell);
        return 0;
    }

    // we need to find the correct base cell offset (if any) for this H3 index;
    // start with the passed in base cell and resolution res ijk coordinates
    // in that base cell's coordinate system
    CoordIJK ijkCopy = *ijk;

    // build the H3Index from finest res up
    // adjust r for the fact that the res 0 base cell offsets the indexing
    // digits
    for (int r = res - 1; r >= 0; r--) {
        CoordIJK lastIJK = ijkCopy;
        CoordIJK lastCenter;
        if (isResClassIII(r + 1)) {
            // rotate ccw
            _upAp7(&ijkCopy);
            lastCenter = ijkCopy;
            _downAp7(&lastCenter);
        } else {
            // rotate cw
            _upAp7r(&ijkCopy);
            lastCenter = ijkCopy;
            _downAp7r(&lastCenter);
        }

        CoordIJK diff;
        _ijkSub(&lastIJK, &lastCenter, &diff);
        _ijkNormalize(&diff);

        H3_SET_INDEX_DIGIT(*out, r + 1, _unitIjkToDigit(&diff));
    }

    // ijkCopy should now hold the IJK of the base cell in the
    // coordinate system of the current base cell

    if (ijkCopy.i > 1 || ijkCopy.j > 1 || ijkCopy.k > 1) {
        // out of range input
        return 2;
    }

    // lookup the correct base cell
    Direction dir = _unitIjkToDigit(&ijkCopy);
    int baseCell = _getBaseCellNeighbor(originBaseCell, dir);
    // If baseCell is invalid, it must be because the origin base cell is a
    // pentagon, and because pentagon base cells do not border each other,
    // baseCell must not be a pentagon.
    int indexOnPent =
        (baseCell == INVALID_BASE_CELL ? 0 : _isBaseCellPentagon(baseCell));

    if (dir != CENTER_DIGIT) {
        // If the index is in a warped direction, we need to unwarp the base
        // cell direction. There may be further need to rotate the index digits.
        int pentagonRotations = 0;
        if (originOnPent) {
            const Direction originLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(origin);
            pentagonRotations =
                PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE[originLeadingDigit][dir];
            for (int i = 0; i < pentagonRotations; i++) {
                dir = _rotate60ccw(dir);
            }
            // The pentagon rotations are being chosen so that dir is not the
            // deleted direction. If it still happens, it means we're moving
            // into a deleted subsequence, so there is no index here.
            if (dir == K_AXES_DIGIT) {
                return 3;
            }
            baseCell = _getBaseCellNeighbor(originBaseCell, dir);

            // indexOnPent does not need to be checked again since no pentagon
            // base cells border each other.
            assert(baseCell != INVALID_BASE_CELL);
            assert(!_isBaseCellPentagon(baseCell));
        }

        // Now we can determine the relation between the origin and target base
        // cell.
        const int baseCellRotations =
            baseCellNeighbor60CCWRots[originBaseCell][dir];
        assert(baseCellRotations >= 0);

        // Adjust for pentagon warping within the base cell. The base cell
        // should be in the right location, so now we need to rotate the index
        // back. We might not need to check for errors since we would just be
        // double mapping.
        if (indexOnPent) {
            const Direction revDir =
                _getBaseCellDirection(baseCell, originBaseCell);
            assert(revDir != INVALID_DIGIT);

            // Adjust for the different coordinate space in the two base cells.
            // This is done first because we need to do the pentagon rotations
            // based on the leading digit in the pentagon's coordinate system.
            for (int i = 0; i < baseCellRotations; i++) {
                *out = _h3Rotate60ccw(*out);
            }

            const Direction indexLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(*out);
            if (_isBaseCellPolarPentagon(baseCell)) {
                pentagonRotations =
                    PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE_POLAR[revDir][indexLeadingDigit];
            } else {
                pentagonRotations =
                    PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE_NONPOLAR[revDir]
                                                       [indexLeadingDigit];
            }

            assert(pentagonRotations >= 0);
            for (int i = 0; i < pentagonRotations; i++) {
                *out = _h3RotatePent60ccw(*out);
            }
        } else {
            assert(pentagonRotations >= 0);
            for (int i = 0; i < pentagonRotations; i++) {
                *out = _h3Rotate60ccw(*out);
            }

            // Adjust for the different coordinate space in the two base cells.
            for (int i = 0; i < baseCellRotations; i++) {
                *out = _h3Rotate60ccw(*out);
            }
        }
    } else if (originOnPent && indexOnPent) {
        const int originLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(origin);
        const int indexLeadingDigit = _h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(*out);

        const int withinPentagonRotations =
            PENTAGON_ROTATIONS_REVERSE[originLeadingDigit][indexLeadingDigit];
        assert(withinPentagonRotations >= 0);

        for (int i = 0; i < withinPentagonRotations; i++) {
            *out = _h3Rotate60ccw(*out);
        }
    }

    if (indexOnPent) {
        // TODO: There are cases in h3ToLocalIjk which are failed but not
        // accounted for here - instead just fail if the recovered index is
        // invalid.
        if (_h3LeadingNonZeroDigit(*out) == K_AXES_DIGIT) {
            return 4;
        }
    }

    H3_SET_BASE_CELL(*out, baseCell);
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Produces ij coordinates for an index anchored by an origin.
 *
 * The coordinate space used by this function may have deleted
 * regions or warping due to pentagonal distortion.
 *
 * Coordinates are only comparable if they come from the same
 * origin index.
 *
 * Failure may occur if the index is too far away from the origin
 * or if the index is on the other side of a pentagon.
 *
 * This function is experimental, and its output is not guaranteed
 * to be compatible across different versions of H3.
 *
 * @param origin An anchoring index for the ij coordinate system.
 * @param index Index to find the coordinates of
 * @param out ij coordinates of the index will be placed here on success
 * @return 0 on success, or another value on failure.
 */
int H3_EXPORT(experimentalH3ToLocalIj)(H3Index origin, H3Index h3,
                                       CoordIJ* out) {
    // This function is currently experimental. Once ready to be part of the
    // non-experimental API, this function (with the experimental prefix) will
    // be marked as deprecated and to be removed in the next major version. It
    // will be replaced with a non-prefixed function name.
    CoordIJK ijk;
    int failed = h3ToLocalIjk(origin, h3, &ijk);
    if (failed) {
        return failed;
    }

    ijkToIj(&ijk, out);

    return 0;
}

/**
 * Produces an index for ij coordinates anchored by an origin.
 *
 * The coordinate space used by this function may have deleted
 * regions or warping due to pentagonal distortion.
 *
 * Failure may occur if the index is too far away from the origin
 * or if the index is on the other side of a pentagon.
 *
 * This function is experimental, and its output is not guaranteed
 * to be compatible across different versions of H3.
 *
 * @param origin An anchoring index for the ij coordinate system.
 * @param out ij coordinates to index.
 * @param index Index will be placed here on success.
 * @return 0 on success, or another value on failure.
 */
int H3_EXPORT(experimentalLocalIjToH3)(H3Index origin, const CoordIJ* ij,
                                       H3Index* out) {
    // This function is currently experimental. Once ready to be part of the
    // non-experimental API, this function (with the experimental prefix) will
    // be marked as deprecated and to be removed in the next major version. It
    // will be replaced with a non-prefixed function name.
    CoordIJK ijk;
    ijToIjk(ij, &ijk);

    return localIjkToH3(origin, &ijk, out);
}

/**
 * Produces the grid distance between the two indexes.
 *
 * This function may fail to find the distance between two indexes, for
 * example if they are very far apart. It may also fail when finding
 * distances for indexes on opposite sides of a pentagon.
 *
 * @param origin Index to find the distance from.
 * @param index Index to find the distance to.
 * @return The distance, or a negative number if the library could not
 * compute the distance.
 */
int H3_EXPORT(h3Distance)(H3Index origin, H3Index h3) {
    CoordIJK originIjk, h3Ijk;
    if (h3ToLocalIjk(origin, origin, &originIjk)) {
        // Currently there are no tests that would cause getting the coordinates
        // for an index the same as the origin to fail.
        return -1;  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
    }
    if (h3ToLocalIjk(origin, h3, &h3Ijk)) {
        return -1;
    }

    return ijkDistance(&originIjk, &h3Ijk);
}

/**
 * Number of indexes in a line from the start index to the end index,
 * to be used for allocating memory. Returns a negative number if the
 * line cannot be computed.
 *
 * @param start Start index of the line
 * @param end End index of the line
 * @return Size of the line, or a negative number if the line cannot
 * be computed.
 */
int H3_EXPORT(h3LineSize)(H3Index start, H3Index end) {
    int distance = H3_EXPORT(h3Distance)(start, end);
    return distance >= 0 ? distance + 1 : distance;
}

/**
 * Given cube coords as doubles, round to valid integer coordinates. Algorithm
 * from https://www.redblobgames.com/grids/hexagons/#rounding
 * @param i   Floating-point I coord
 * @param j   Floating-point J coord
 * @param k   Floating-point K coord
 * @param ijk IJK coord struct, modified in place
 */
static void cubeRound(double i, double j, double k, CoordIJK* ijk) {
    int ri = round(i);
    int rj = round(j);
    int rk = round(k);

    double iDiff = fabs((double)ri - i);
    double jDiff = fabs((double)rj - j);
    double kDiff = fabs((double)rk - k);

    // Round, maintaining valid cube coords
    if (iDiff > jDiff && iDiff > kDiff) {
        ri = -rj - rk;
    } else if (jDiff > kDiff) {
        rj = -ri - rk;
    } else {
        rk = -ri - rj;
    }

    ijk->i = ri;
    ijk->j = rj;
    ijk->k = rk;
}

/**
 * Given two H3 indexes, return the line of indexes between them (inclusive).
 *
 * This function may fail to find the line between two indexes, for
 * example if they are very far apart. It may also fail when finding
 * distances for indexes on opposite sides of a pentagon.
 *
 * Notes:
 *
 *  - The specific output of this function should not be considered stable
 *    across library versions. The only guarantees the library provides are
 *    that the line length will be `h3Distance(start, end) + 1` and that
 *    every index in the line will be a neighbor of the preceding index.
 *  - Lines are drawn in grid space, and may not correspond exactly to either
 *    Cartesian lines or great arcs.
 *
 * @param start Start index of the line
 * @param end End index of the line
 * @param out Output array, which must be of size h3LineSize(start, end)
 * @return 0 on success, or another value on failure.
 */
int H3_EXPORT(h3Line)(H3Index start, H3Index end, H3Index* out) {
    int distance = H3_EXPORT(h3Distance)(start, end);
    // Early exit if we can't calculate the line
    if (distance < 0) {
        return distance;
    }

    // Get IJK coords for the start and end. We've already confirmed
    // that these can be calculated with the distance check above.
    CoordIJK startIjk = {0};
    CoordIJK endIjk = {0};

    // Convert H3 addresses to IJK coords
    h3ToLocalIjk(start, start, &startIjk);
    h3ToLocalIjk(start, end, &endIjk);

    // Convert IJK to cube coordinates suitable for linear interpolation
    ijkToCube(&startIjk);
    ijkToCube(&endIjk);

    double iStep =
        distance ? (double)(endIjk.i - startIjk.i) / (double)distance : 0;
    double jStep =
        distance ? (double)(endIjk.j - startIjk.j) / (double)distance : 0;
    double kStep =
        distance ? (double)(endIjk.k - startIjk.k) / (double)distance : 0;

    CoordIJK currentIjk = {startIjk.i, startIjk.j, startIjk.k};
    for (int n = 0; n <= distance; n++) {
        cubeRound((double)startIjk.i + iStep * n,
                  (double)startIjk.j + jStep * n,
                  (double)startIjk.k + kStep * n, &currentIjk);
        // Convert cube -> ijk -> h3 index
        cubeToIjk(&currentIjk);
        localIjkToH3(start, &currentIjk, &out[n]);
    }

    return 0;
}