![Celluloid](https://github.com/tarcieri/celluloid-io/raw/master/logo.png)
=============
[![Build Status](https://secure.travis-ci.org/tarcieri/celluloid-io.png?branch=master)](http://travis-ci.org/tarcieri/celluloid-io)
[![Dependency Status](https://gemnasium.com/tarcieri/celluloid-io.png)](https://gemnasium.com/tarcieri/celluloid-io)

You don't have to choose between threaded and evented IO! Celluloid::IO
provides an event-driven IO system for building fast, scalable network
applications that integrates directly with the
[Celluloid actor library](https://github.com/tarcieri/celluloid), making it
easy to combine both threaded and evented concepts. Celluloid::IO is ideal for
servers which handle large numbers of mostly-idle connections, such as Websocket
servers or chat/messaging systems.

Celluloid::IO provides a different class of actor: one that's slightly slower
and heavier than standard Celluloid actors, but one which contains a
high-performance reactor just like EventMachine or Cool.io. This means
Celluloid::IO actors have the power of both Celluloid actors and evented
I/O loops. Unlike certain other evented I/O systems which limit you to a
single event loop per process, Celluloid::IO lets you make as many actors as
you want, system resources permitting.

Rather than callbacks, Celluloid::IO exposes a synchronous API built on duck
types of Ruby's own IO classes, such as TCPServer and TCPSocket. These classes
work identically to their core Ruby counterparts, but in the scope of
Celluloid::IO actors provide "evented" performance. Since they're drop-in
replacements for the standard classes, there's no need to rewrite every
library just to take advantage of Celluloid::IO's event loop and you can
freely switch between evented and blocking IO even over the lifetime of a
single connection.

Celluloid::IO uses the [nio4r gem](https://github.com/tarcieri/nio4r)
to monitor IO objects, which provides cross-platform and cross-Ruby
implementation access to high-performance system calls such as epoll
and kqueue.

Like Celluloid::IO? [Join the Google Group](http://groups.google.com/group/celluloid-ruby)

Supported Platforms
-------------------

Celluloid::IO works on Ruby 1.9.2+, JRuby 1.6 (in 1.9 mode), and Rubinius 2.0.

To use JRuby in 1.9 mode, you'll need to pass the "--1.9" command line option
to the JRuby executable, or set the "JRUBY_OPTS=--1.9" environment variable.

Usage
-----

To use Celluloid::IO, define a normal Ruby class that includes Celluloid::IO.
The following is an example of an echo server:

```ruby
require 'celluloid/io'

class EchoServer
  include Celluloid::IO

  def initialize(host, port)
    puts "*** Starting echo server on #{host}:#{port}"

    # Since we included Celluloid::IO, we're actually making a
    # Celluloid::IO::TCPServer here
    @server = TCPServer.new(host, port)
    run!
  end

  def finalize
    @server.close if @server
  end

  def run
    loop { handle_connection! @server.accept }
  end

  def handle_connection(socket)
    _, port, host = socket.peeraddr
    puts "*** Received connection from #{host}:#{port}"
    loop { socket.write socket.readpartial(4096) }
  rescue EOFError
    puts "*** #{host}:#{port} disconnected"
  end
end
```

The very first thing including *Celluloid::IO* does is also include the
*Celluloid* module, which promotes objects of this class to concurrent Celluloid
actors each running in their own thread. Before trying to use Celluloid::IO
you may want to [familiarize yourself with Celluloid in general](https://github.com/tarcieri/celluloid/).
Celluloid actors can each be thought of as being event loops. Celluloid::IO actors
are heavier but have capabilities similar to other event loop-driven frameworks.

While this looks like a normal Ruby TCP server, there aren't any threads, so
you might expect this server can only handle one connection at a time.
However, this is all you need to do to build servers that handle as many
connections as you want, and it happens all within a single thread.

The magic in this server which allows it to handle multiple connections
comes in three forms:

* __Replacement classes:__ Celluloid::IO includes replacements for the core
  TCPServer and TCPSocket classes which automatically use an evented mode
  inside of Celluloid::IO actors. They're named Celluloid::IO::TCPServer and
  Celluloid::IO::TCPSocket, so they're automatically available inside
  your class when you include Celluloid::IO.

* __Asynchronous method calls:__ You may have noticed that while the methods
  of EchoServer are named *run* and *handle_connection*, they're invoked as
  *run!* and *handle_connection!*. This queues these methods to be executed
  after the current method is complete. You can queue up as many methods as
  you want, allowing asynchronous operation similar to the "call later" or
  "next tick" feature of Twisted, EventMachine, and Node. This echo server
  first kicks off a background task for accepting connections on the server
  socket, then kicks off a background task for each connection.

* __Reactor + Fibers:__ Celluloid::IO is a combination of Actor and Reactor
  concepts. The blocking mechanism used by the mailboxes of Celluloid::IO
  actors is an [nio4r-powered reactor](https://github.com/tarcieri/celluloid-io/blob/master/lib/celluloid/io/reactor.rb).
  When the current task needs to make a blocking I/O call, it first makes
  a non-blocking attempt, and if the socket isn't ready the current task
  is suspended until the reactor detects the operation is ready and resumes
  the suspended task.

The result is an API for doing evented I/O that looks identical to doing
synchronous I/O. Adapting existing synchronous libraries to using evented I/O
is as simple as having them use one of Celluloid::IO's provided replacement
classes instead of the core Ruby TCPSocket and TCPServer classes.

Status
------

The rudiments of TCPServer and TCPSocket are in place and ready to use.
Several methods are still missing. Making new connections with
Celluloid::IO::TCPSocket.new works, however it presently does blocking DNS
resolution and connect so it can stall the reactor loop.

Basic UDPSocket support is in place. On JRuby, recvfrom makes a blocking call
as the underlying recvfrom_nonblock call is not supported by JRuby.

No UNIXSocket support yet, sorry (patches welcome!)

Contributing to Celluloid::IO
-----------------------------

* Fork this repository on github
* Make your changes and send me a pull request
* If I like them I'll merge them
* If I've accepted a patch, feel free to ask for a commit bit!

License
-------

Copyright (c) 2011 Tony Arcieri. Distributed under the MIT License. See
LICENSE.txt for further details.

Contains code originally from the RubySpec project also under the MIT License
Copyright (c) 2008 Engine Yard, Inc. All rights reserved.