require 'pupa/processor/client'
require 'pupa/processor/dependency_graph'
require 'pupa/processor/helper'
require 'pupa/processor/connection'
require 'pupa/processor/document_store'
require 'pupa/processor/yielder'

module Pupa
  # An abstract processor class from which specific processors inherit.
  class Processor
    extend Forwardable
    include Helper

    class_attribute :tasks
    self.tasks = []

    attr_reader :report, :store, :connection, :client, :options

    def_delegators :@logger, :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal

    # @param [String] output_dir the directory or Redis address
    #   (e.g. `redis://localhost:6379`) in which to dump JSON documents
    # @param [Boolean] pipelined whether to dump JSON documents all at once
    # @param [String] cache_dir the directory or Memcached address
    #   (e.g. `memcached://localhost:11211`) in which to cache HTTP responses
    # @param [Integer] expires_in the cache's expiration time in seconds
    # @param [Integer,String] value_max_bytes the maximum Memcached item size
    # @param [String] database_url the database URL
    # @param [Boolean] validate whether to validate JSON documents
    # @param [String] level the log level
    # @param [String,IO] logdev the log device
    # @param [Hash] options criteria for selecting the methods to run
    def initialize(output_dir, pipelined: false, cache_dir: nil, expires_in: 86400, value_max_bytes: 1048576, database_url: 'mongodb://localhost:27017/pupa', validate: true, level: 'INFO', logdev: STDOUT, options: {})
      @store      = DocumentStore.new(output_dir, pipelined: pipelined)
      @client     = Client.new(cache_dir: cache_dir, expires_in: expires_in, value_max_bytes: value_max_bytes, level: level)
      @connection = Connection.new(database_url)
      @logger     = Logger.new('pupa', level: level, logdev: logdev)
      @validate   = validate
      @options    = options
      @report     = {}
    end

    # Retrieves and parses a document with a GET request.
    #
    # @param [String] url a URL to an HTML document
    # @param [String,Hash] params query string parameters
    # @return a parsed document
    def get(url, params = {})
      client.get(url, params).body
    end

    # Retrieves and parses a document with a POST request.
    #
    # @param [String] url a URL to an HTML document
    # @param [String,Hash] params query string parameters
    # @return a parsed document
    def post(url, params = {})
      client.post(url, params).body
    end

    # Yields the object to the transformation task for processing, e.g. saving
    # to disk, printing to CSV, etc.
    #
    # @param [Object] an object
    # @note All the good terms are taken by Ruby: `return`, `send` and `yield`.
    def dispatch(object)
      Fiber.yield(object)
    end

    # Adds a scraping task to Pupa.rb.
    #
    # Defines a method whose name is identical to `task_name`. This method
    # selects a method to perform the scraping task using `scraping_task_method`
    # and memoizes its return value. The return value is a lazy enumerator of
    # objects scraped by the selected method. The selected method must yield
    # objects to populate this lazy enumerator.
    #
    # For example, `MyProcessor.add_scraping_task(:people)` defines a `people`
    # method on `MyProcessor`. This `people` method returns a lazy enumerator of
    # objects (presumably Person objects in this case, but the enumerator can
    # contain any object in the general case).
    #
    # In `MyProcessor`, you would define an `scrape_people` method, which must
    # yield objects to populate the lazy enumerator. Alternatively, you may
    # override `scraping_task_method` to change the method selected to perform
    # the scraping task.
    #
    # The `people` method can then be called by transformation and import tasks.
    #
    # @param [Symbol] task_name a task name
    # @see Pupa::Processor#scraping_task_method
    def self.add_scraping_task(task_name)
      self.tasks += [task_name]
      define_method(task_name) do
        ivar = "@#{task_name}"
        if instance_variable_defined?(ivar)
          instance_variable_get(ivar)
        else
          instance_variable_set(ivar, Yielder.new(&method(scraping_task_method(task_name))))
        end
      end
    end

    # Dumps scraped objects to disk.
    #
    # @param [Symbol] task_name the name of the scraping task to perform
    # @return [Hash] the number of scraped objects by type
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::DuplicateObjectIdError]
    def dump_scraped_objects(task_name)
      counts = Hash.new(0)
      @store.pipelined do
        send(task_name).each do |object|
          counts[object._type] += 1
          dump_scraped_object(object)
        end
      end
      counts
    end

    # Saves scraped objects to a database.
    #
    # @raises [TSort::Cyclic] if the dependency graph is cyclic
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::UnprocessableEntity] if an object's foreign keys or
    #   foreign objects cannot be resolved
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::DuplicateDocumentError] if duplicate objects were
    #   inadvertently saved to the database
    def import
      @report[:import] = {}

      objects = deduplicate(load_scraped_objects)

      object_id_to_database_id = {}

      if use_dependency_graph?(objects)
        dependency_graph = build_dependency_graph(objects)

        # Replace object IDs with database IDs in foreign keys and save objects.
        dependency_graph.tsort.each do |id|
          object = objects[id]
          resolve_foreign_keys(object, object_id_to_database_id)
          # The dependency graph strategy only works if there are no foreign objects.

          database_id = import_object(object)
          object_id_to_database_id[id] = database_id
          object_id_to_database_id[database_id] = database_id
        end
      else
        size = objects.size

        # Should be O(n²). If there are foreign objects, we do not know all the
        # edges in the graph, and therefore cannot build a dependency graph or
        # derive any evaluation order.
        #
        # An exception is raised if a foreign object matches multiple documents
        # in the database. However, if a matching object is not yet saved, this
        # exception may not be raised.
        loop do
          progress_made = false

          objects.delete_if do |id,object|
            begin
              resolve_foreign_keys(object, object_id_to_database_id)
              resolve_foreign_objects(object, object_id_to_database_id)
              progress_made = true

              database_id = import_object(object)
              object_id_to_database_id[id] = database_id
              object_id_to_database_id[database_id] = database_id
            rescue Pupa::Errors::MissingDatabaseIdError
              false
            end
          end

          break if objects.empty? || !progress_made
        end

        unless objects.empty?
          raise Errors::UnprocessableEntity, "couldn't resolve #{objects.size}/#{size} objects:\n  #{objects.values.map{|object| JSON.dump(object.foreign_properties)}.join("\n  ")}"
        end
      end

      # Ensure that fingerprints uniquely identified objects.
      counts = {}
      object_id_to_database_id.each do |object_id,database_id|
        unless object_id == database_id
          (counts[database_id] ||= []) << object_id
        end
      end
      duplicates = counts.select do |_,object_ids|
        object_ids.size > 1
      end
      unless duplicates.empty?
        raise Errors::DuplicateDocumentError, "multiple objects written to same document:\n" + duplicates.map{|database_id,object_ids| "  #{database_id} <- #{object_ids.join(' ')}"}.join("\n")
      end
    end

  private

    # Returns the name of the method - `scrape_<task_name>` by default - that
    # would be used to perform the given scraping task.
    #
    # If you would like to change this default behavior, override this method in
    # a subclass. For example, you may want to select a method according to the
    # additional `options` passed from the command-line to the processor.
    #
    # @param [Symbol] task_name a task name
    # @return [String] the name of the method to perform the scraping task
    def scraping_task_method(task_name)
      "scrape_#{task_name}"
    end

    # Dumps an scraped object to disk.
    #
    # @param [Object] object an scraped object
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::DuplicateObjectIdError]
    def dump_scraped_object(object)
      type = object.class.to_s.demodulize.underscore
      name = "#{type}_#{object._id.gsub(File::SEPARATOR, '_')}.json"

      if @store.write_unless_exists(name, object.to_h)
        info {"save #{type} #{object.to_s} as #{name}"}
      else
        raise Errors::DuplicateObjectIdError, "duplicate object ID: #{object._id} (was the same objected yielded twice?)"
      end

      if @validate
        begin
          object.validate!
        rescue JSON::Schema::ValidationError => e
          warn {e.message}
        end
      end
    end

    # Loads scraped objects from disk.
    #
    # @return [Hash] a hash of scraped objects keyed by ID
    def load_scraped_objects
      {}.tap do |objects|
        @store.read_multi(@store.entries).each do |properties|
          object = load_scraped_object(properties)
          objects[object._id] = object
        end
      end
    end

    # Loads a scraped object from its properties.
    #
    # @param [Hash] properties the object's properties
    # @return [Object] a scraped object
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::MissingObjectTypeError] if the scraped object is
    #   missing a `_type` property.
    def load_scraped_object(properties)
      type = properties['_type'] || properties[:_type]
      if type
        type.camelize.constantize.new(properties)
      else
        raise Errors::MissingObjectTypeError, "missing _type: #{JSON.dump(properties)}"
      end
    end

    # Removes all duplicate objects and re-assigns any foreign keys.
    #
    # @param [Hash] objects a hash of scraped objects keyed by ID
    # @return [Hash] the objects without duplicates
    def deduplicate(objects)
      losers_to_winners = build_losers_to_winners_map(objects)

      # Remove all losers.
      losers_to_winners.each_key do |key|
        objects.delete(key)
      end

      # Swap the IDs of losers for the IDs of winners.
      objects.each do |id,object|
        object.foreign_keys.each do |property|
          value = object[property]
          if value && losers_to_winners.key?(value)
            object[property] = losers_to_winners[value]
          end
        end
      end

      objects
    end

    # For each object, map its ID to the ID of its duplicate, if any.
    #
    # @param [Hash] objects a hash of scraped objects keyed by ID
    # @return [Hash] a mapping from an object ID to the ID of its duplicate
    def build_losers_to_winners_map(objects)
      inverse = {}
      objects.each do |id,object|
        (inverse[object.to_h.except(:_id)] ||= []) << id
      end

      {}.tap do |map|
        inverse.values.each do |ids|
          ids.drop(1).each do |id|
            map[id] = ids[0]
          end
        end
      end
    end

    # If any objects have unresolved foreign objects, we cannot derive an
    # evaluation order using a dependency graph.
    #
    # @param [Hash] objects a hash of scraped objects keyed by ID
    # @return [Boolean] whether a dependency graph can be used to derive an
    #   evaluation order
    def use_dependency_graph?(objects)
      objects.each do |id,object|
        object.foreign_objects.each do |property|
          if object[property].present?
            return false
          end
        end
      end
      true
    end

    # Builds a dependency graph.
    #
    # @param [Hash] objects a hash of scraped objects keyed by ID
    # @return [DependencyGraph] the dependency graph
    def build_dependency_graph(objects)
      DependencyGraph.new.tap do |graph|
        objects.each do |id,object|
          graph[id] = [] # no duplicate IDs
          object.foreign_keys.each do |property|
            value = object[property]
            if value
              graph[id] << value
            end
          end
        end
      end
    end

    # Resolves an object's foreign keys from object IDs to database IDs.
    #
    # @param [Object] an object
    # @param [Hash] a map from object ID to database ID
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::MissingDatabaseIdError] if a foreign key cannot be
    #   resolved
    def resolve_foreign_keys(object, map)
      object.foreign_keys.each do |property|
        value = object[property]
        if value
          if map.key?(value)
            object[property] = map[value]
          else
            raise Errors::MissingDatabaseIdError, "couldn't resolve foreign key: #{property} #{value}"
          end
        end
      end
    end

    # Resolves an object's foreign objects to database IDs.
    #
    # @param [Object] object an object
    # @param [Hash] a map from object ID to database ID
    # @raises [Pupa::Errors::MissingDatabaseIdError] if a foreign object cannot
    #   be resolved
    def resolve_foreign_objects(object, map)
      object.foreign_objects.each do |property|
        value = object[property]
        if value.present?
          foreign_object = ForeignObject.new(value)
          resolve_foreign_keys(foreign_object, map)
          document = connection.find(foreign_object.to_h)

          if document
            object["#{property}_id"] = document['_id']
          else
            raise Errors::MissingDatabaseIdError, "couldn't resolve foreign object: #{property} #{value}"
          end
        end
      end
    end

    # @param [Object] object an object
    def import_object(object)
      inserted, id = connection.save(object)
      @report[:import][object._type] ||= Hash.new(0)
      if inserted
        @report[:import][object._type][:insert] += 1
      else
        @report[:import][object._type][:update] += 1
      end
      id
    end
  end
end