require 'rdf/turtle/terminals'
require 'rdf/turtle/streaming_writer'

module RDF::Turtle
  ##
  # A Turtle serialiser
  #
  # Note that the natural interface is to write a whole graph at a time.
  # Writing statements or Triples will create a graph to add them to
  # and then serialize the graph.
  #
  # @example Obtaining a Turtle writer class
  #   RDF::Writer.for(:ttl)         #=> RDF::Turtle::Writer
  #   RDF::Writer.for("etc/test.ttl")
  #   RDF::Writer.for(:file_name      => "etc/test.ttl")
  #   RDF::Writer.for(:file_extension => "ttl")
  #   RDF::Writer.for(:content_type   => "text/turtle")
  #
  # @example Serializing RDF graph into an Turtle file
  #   RDF::Turtle::Writer.open("etc/test.ttl") do |writer|
  #     writer << graph
  #   end
  #
  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an Turtle file
  #   RDF::Turtle::Writer.open("etc/test.ttl") do |writer|
  #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
  #       writer << statement
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an Turtle string
  #   RDF::Turtle::Writer.buffer do |writer|
  #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
  #       writer << statement
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # @example Serializing RDF statements to a string in streaming mode
  #   RDF::Turtle::Writer.buffer(:stream => true) do |writer|
  #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
  #       writer << statement
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # The writer will add prefix definitions, and use them for creating @prefix definitions, and minting QNames
  #
  # @example Creating @base and @prefix definitions in output
  #   RDF::Turtle::Writer.buffer(:base_uri => "http://example.com/", :prefixes => {
  #       nil => "http://example.com/ns#",
  #       :foaf => "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"}
  #   ) do |writer|
  #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
  #       writer << statement
  #     end
  #   end
  #
  # @author [Gregg Kellogg](http://greggkellogg.net/)
  class Writer < RDF::Writer
    include StreamingWriter
    format RDF::Turtle::Format

    # @return [Graph] Graph of statements serialized
    attr_accessor :graph
    
    ##
    # Initializes the Turtle writer instance.
    #
    # @param  [IO, File] output
    #   the output stream
    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
    #   any additional options
    # @option options [Encoding] :encoding     (Encoding::UTF_8)
    #   the encoding to use on the output stream
    # @option options [Boolean]  :canonicalize (false)
    #   whether to canonicalize literals when serializing
    # @option options [Hash]     :prefixes     (Hash.new)
    #   the prefix mappings to use (not supported by all writers)
    # @option options [#to_s]    :base_uri     (nil)
    #   the base URI to use when constructing relative URIs
    # @option options [Integer]  :max_depth      (3)
    #   Maximum depth for recursively defining resources, defaults to 3
    # @option options [Boolean]  :standard_prefixes   (false)
    #   Add standard prefixes to @prefixes, if necessary.
    # @option options [Boolean] :stream (false)
    #   Do not attempt to optimize graph presentation, suitable for streaming large graphs.
    # @option options [String]   :default_namespace (nil)
    #   URI to use as default namespace, same as `prefixes[nil]`
    # @yield  [writer] `self`
    # @yieldparam  [RDF::Writer] writer
    # @yieldreturn [void]
    # @yield  [writer]
    # @yieldparam [RDF::Writer] writer
    def initialize(output = $stdout, options = {}, &block)
      reset
      @graph = RDF::Graph.new
      @uri_to_pname = {}
      @uri_to_prefix = {}
      super do
        if block_given?
          case block.arity
            when 0 then instance_eval(&block)
            else block.call(self)
          end
        end
      end
    end

    ##
    # Adds a statement to be serialized
    # @param  [RDF::Statement] statement
    # @return [void]
    def write_statement(statement)
      case
      when @options[:stream]
        stream_statement(statement)
      else
        # Add to local graph and output in epilogue
        @graph.insert(statement)
      end
    end

    ##
    # Adds a triple to be serialized
    # @param  [RDF::Resource] subject
    # @param  [RDF::URI]      predicate
    # @param  [RDF::Value]    object
    # @return [void]
    def write_triple(subject, predicate, object)
      write_statement(Statement.new(subject, predicate, object))
    end

    ##
    # Write out declarations
    # @return [void] `self`
    def write_prologue
      case
      when @options[:stream]
        stream_prologue
      else
      end
    end

    ##
    # Outputs the Turtle representation of all stored triples.
    #
    # @return [void]
    # @see    #write_triple
    def write_epilogue
      case
      when @options[:stream]
        stream_epilogue
      else
        @max_depth = @options[:max_depth] || 3

        self.reset

        debug("\nserialize") {"graph: #{@graph.size}"}

        preprocess
        start_document

        order_subjects.each do |subject|
          unless is_done?(subject)
            statement(subject)
          end
        end
      end
    end
    
    # Return a QName for the URI, or nil. Adds namespace of QName to defined prefixes
    # @param [RDF::Resource] resource
    # @return [String, nil] value to use to identify URI
    def get_pname(resource)
      case resource
      when RDF::Node
        return resource.to_s
      when RDF::URI
        uri = resource.to_s
      else
        return nil
      end

      pname = case
      when @uri_to_pname.has_key?(uri)
        return @uri_to_pname[uri]
      when u = @uri_to_prefix.keys.sort_by {|u| u.length}.reverse.detect {|u| uri.index(u.to_s) == 0}
        # Use a defined prefix
        prefix = @uri_to_prefix[u]
        unless u.to_s.empty?
          prefix(prefix, u) unless u.to_s.empty?
          debug("get_pname") {"add prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{u}"}
          uri.sub(u.to_s, "#{prefix}:")
        end
      when @options[:standard_prefixes] && vocab = RDF::Vocabulary.each.to_a.detect {|v| uri.index(v.to_uri.to_s) == 0}
        prefix = vocab.__name__.to_s.split('::').last.downcase
        @uri_to_prefix[vocab.to_uri.to_s] = prefix
        prefix(prefix, vocab.to_uri) # Define for output
        debug("get_pname") {"add standard prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{vocab.to_uri}"}
        uri.sub(vocab.to_uri.to_s, "#{prefix}:")
      else
        nil
      end
      
      # Make sure pname is a valid pname
      if pname
        md = Terminals::PNAME_LN.match(pname) || Terminals::PNAME_NS.match(pname)
        pname = nil unless md.to_s.length == pname.length
      end

      @uri_to_pname[uri] = pname
    end
    
    # Take a hash from predicate uris to lists of values.
    # Sort the lists of values.  Return a sorted list of properties.
    # @param [Hash{String => Array<Resource>}] properties A hash of Property to Resource mappings
    # @return [Array<String>}] Ordered list of properties. Uses predicate_order.
    def sort_properties(properties)
      # Make sorted list of properties
      prop_list = []
      
      predicate_order.each do |prop|
        next unless properties[prop.to_s]
        prop_list << prop.to_s
      end
      
      properties.keys.sort.each do |prop|
        next if prop_list.include?(prop.to_s)
        prop_list << prop.to_s
      end
      
      debug("sort_properties") {prop_list.join(', ')}
      prop_list
    end

    ##
    # Returns the N-Triples representation of a literal.
    #
    # @param  [RDF::Literal, String, #to_s] literal
    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
    # @return [String]
    def format_literal(literal, options = {})
      literal = literal.dup.canonicalize! if @options[:canonicalize]
      case literal
      when RDF::Literal
        case literal.datatype
        when RDF::XSD.boolean, RDF::XSD.integer, RDF::XSD.decimal
          literal.to_s
        when RDF::XSD.double
          literal.to_s.sub('E', 'e')  # Favor lower case exponent
        else
          text = quoted(literal.value)
          text << "@#{literal.language}" if literal.has_language?
          text << "^^#{format_uri(literal.datatype)}" if literal.has_datatype?
          text
        end
      else
        quoted(literal.to_s)
      end
    end
    
    ##
    # Returns the Turtle representation of a URI reference.
    #
    # @param  [RDF::URI] uri
    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
    # @return [String]
    def format_uri(uri, options = {})
      md = relativize(uri)
      debug("relativize") {"#{uri.inspect} => #{md.inspect}"} if md != uri.to_s
      md != uri.to_s ? "<#{md}>" : (get_pname(uri) || "<#{uri}>")
    end
    
    ##
    # Returns the Turtle representation of a blank node.
    #
    # @param  [RDF::Node] node
    # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
    # @return [String]
    def format_node(node, options = {})
      "_:%s" % node.id
    end
    
    protected
    # Output @base and @prefix definitions
    def start_document
      @output.write("#{indent}@base <#{base_uri}> .\n") unless base_uri.to_s.empty?
      
      debug("start_document") {prefixes.inspect}
      prefixes.keys.sort_by(&:to_s).each do |prefix|
        @output.write("#{indent}@prefix #{prefix}: <#{prefixes[prefix]}> .\n")
      end
    end
    
    # If base_uri is defined, use it to try to make uri relative
    # @param [#to_s] uri
    # @return [String]
    def relativize(uri)
      uri = uri.to_s
      base_uri ? uri.sub(base_uri.to_s, "") : uri
    end

    # Defines rdf:type of subjects to be emitted at the beginning of the graph. Defaults to rdfs:Class
    # @return [Array<URI>]
    def top_classes; [RDF::RDFS.Class]; end

    # Defines order of predicates to to emit at begninning of a resource description. Defaults to
    # `\[rdf:type, rdfs:label, dc:title\]`
    # @return [Array<URI>]
    def predicate_order; [RDF.type, RDF::RDFS.label, RDF::DC.title]; end
    
    # Order subjects for output. Override this to output subjects in another order.
    #
    # Uses #top_classes and #base_uri.
    # @return [Array<Resource>] Ordered list of subjects
    def order_subjects
      seen = {}
      subjects = []
      
      # Start with base_uri
      if base_uri && @subjects.keys.include?(base_uri)
        subjects << RDF::URI(base_uri)
        seen[RDF::URI(base_uri)] = true
      end
      
      # Add distinguished classes
      top_classes.each do |class_uri|
        graph.query(:predicate => RDF.type, :object => class_uri).map {|st| st.subject}.sort.uniq.each do |subject|
          debug("order_subjects") {subject.inspect}
          subjects << subject
          seen[subject] = true
        end
      end
      
      # Sort subjects by resources over bnodes, ref_counts and the subject URI itself
      recursable = @subjects.keys.
        select {|s| !seen.include?(s)}.
        map {|r| [r.is_a?(RDF::Node) ? 1 : 0, ref_count(r), r]}.
        sort
      
      subjects += recursable.map{|r| r.last}
    end
    
    # Perform any preprocessing of statements required
    def preprocess
      # Load defined prefixes
      (@options[:prefixes] || {}).each_pair do |k, v|
        @uri_to_prefix[v.to_s] = k
      end

      prefix(nil, @options[:default_namespace]) if @options[:default_namespace]

      case
      when @options[:stream]
      else
        @options[:prefixes] = {}  # Will define actual used when matched

        @graph.each {|statement| preprocess_statement(statement)}
      end
    end
    
    # Perform any statement preprocessing required. This is used to perform reference counts and determine required
    # prefixes.
    # @param [Statement] statement
    def preprocess_statement(statement)
      #debug("preprocess") {statement.inspect}
      bump_reference(statement.object)
      @subjects[statement.subject] = true

      # Pre-fetch pnames, to fill prefixes
      get_pname(statement.subject)
      get_pname(statement.predicate)
      get_pname(statement.object)
      get_pname(statement.object.datatype) if statement.object.literal? && statement.object.datatype
    end

    # Returns indent string multiplied by the depth
    # @param [Integer] modifier Increase depth by specified amount
    # @return [String] A number of spaces, depending on current depth
    def indent(modifier = 0)
      " " * (@depth + modifier)
    end

    # Reset internal helper instance variables
    def reset
      @depth = 0
      @lists = {}
      @references = {}
      @serialized = {}
      @subjects = {}
    end

    ##
    # Use single- or multi-line quotes. If literal contains \t, \n, or \r, use a multiline quote,
    # otherwise, use a single-line
    # @param  [String] string
    # @return [String]
    def quoted(string)
      if string.to_s.match(/[\t\n\r]/)
        string = string.gsub('\\', '\\\\').gsub('"""', '\\"""')
        %("""#{string}""")
      else
        "\"#{escaped(string)}\""
      end
    end

    ##
    # Add debug event to debug array, if specified
    #
    # @overload debug(message)
    #   @param [String] message ("")
    # @yieldreturn [String] added to message
    def debug(*args)
      return unless @options[:debug] || RDF::Turtle.debug?
      options = args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
      depth = options[:depth] || @depth
      message = args.pop
      message = message.call if message.is_a?(Proc)
      args << message if message
      args << yield if block_given?
      message = "#{args.join(': ')}"
      @options[:debug] << message if @options[:debug].is_a?(Array)
      $stderr.puts(message) if RDF::Turtle.debug?
    end

    private

    # Checks if l is a valid RDF list, i.e. no nodes have other properties.
    def is_valid_list?(l)
      #debug("is_valid_list?") {l.inspect}
      return RDF::List.new(l, @graph).valid?
    end
    
    def do_list(l)
      list = RDF::List.new(l, @graph)
      debug("do_list") {list.inspect}
      position = :subject
      list.each_statement do |st|
        next unless st.predicate == RDF.first
        debug {" list this: #{st.subject} first: #{st.object}[#{position}]"}
        path(st.object, position)
        subject_done(st.subject)
        position = :object
      end
    end

    def collection(node, position)
      return false if !is_valid_list?(node)
      #debug("collection") {"#{node.inspect}, #{position}"}

      @output.write(position == :subject ? "(" : " (")
      @depth += 2
      do_list(node)
      @depth -= 2
      @output.write(')')
    end

    # Can object be represented using a predicateObjectList?
    def p_squared?(resource, position)
      resource.is_a?(RDF::Node) &&
        !@serialized.has_key?(resource) &&
        ref_count(resource) <= 1
    end

    # Represent an object as a predicateObjectList
    def p_squared(resource, position)
      return false unless p_squared?(resource, position)

      #debug("p_squared") {"#{resource.inspect}, #{position}"}
      subject_done(resource)
      @output.write(position == :subject ? '[' : ' [')
      @depth += 2
      predicateObjectList(resource)
      @depth -= 2
      @output.write(']')
      
      true
    end

    # Default singular resource representation.
    def p_default(resource, position)
      #debug("p_default") {"#{resource.inspect}, #{position}"}
      l = (position == :subject ? "" : " ") + format_value(resource)
      @output.write(l)
    end

    # Represent a resource in subject, predicate or object position.
    # Use either collection, blankNodePropertyList or singular resource notation.
    def path(resource, position)
      debug("path") do
        "#{resource.inspect}, " +
        "pos: #{position}, " +
        "[]: #{is_valid_list?(resource)}, " +
        "p2?: #{p_squared?(resource, position)}, " +
        "rc: #{ref_count(resource)}"
      end
      raise RDF::WriterError, "Cannot serialize resource '#{resource}'" unless collection(resource, position) || p_squared(resource, position) || p_default(resource, position)
    end
    
    def predicate(resource)
      debug("predicate") {resource.inspect}
      if resource == RDF.type
        @output.write(" a")
      else
        path(resource, :predicate)
      end
    end

    # Render an objectList having a common subject and predicate
    def objectList(objects)
      debug("objectList") {objects.inspect}
      return if objects.empty?

      objects.each_with_index do |obj, i|
        @output.write(",\n#{indent(4)}") if i > 0
        path(obj, :object)
      end
    end

    # Render a predicateObjectList having a common subject.
    def predicateObjectList(subject)
      properties = {}
      @graph.query(:subject => subject) do |st|
        properties[st.predicate.to_s] ||= []
        properties[st.predicate.to_s] << st.object
      end

      prop_list = sort_properties(properties) - [RDF.first.to_s, RDF.rest.to_s]
      debug("predicateObjectList") {prop_list.inspect}
      return if prop_list.empty?

      prop_list.each_with_index do |prop, i|
        begin
          @output.write(";\n#{indent(2)}") if i > 0
          prop[0, 2] == "_:"
          predicate(prop[0, 2] == "_:" ? RDF::Node.new(prop.split(':').last) : RDF::URI.intern(prop))
          objectList(properties[prop])
        end
      end
    end

    # Can subject be represented as a blankNodePropertyList?
    def blankNodePropertyList?(subject)
      ref_count(subject) == 0 && subject.is_a?(RDF::Node) && !is_valid_list?(subject)
    end

    # Represent subject as a blankNodePropertyList?
    def blankNodePropertyList(subject)
      return false unless blankNodePropertyList?(subject)
      
      debug("blankNodePropertyList") {subject.inspect}
      @output.write("\n#{indent} [")
      @depth += 1
      predicateObjectList(subject)
      @depth -= 1
      @output.write("] .")
      true
    end

    # Render triples having the same subject using an explicit subject
    def triples(subject)
      @output.write("\n#{indent}")
      path(subject, :subject)
      predicateObjectList(subject)
      @output.write(" .")
      true
    end
    
    def statement(subject)
      debug("statement") {"#{subject.inspect}, bnodePL?: #{blankNodePropertyList?(subject)}"}
      subject_done(subject)
      blankNodePropertyList(subject) || triples(subject)
      @output.puts
    end
    
    def is_done?(subject)
      @serialized.include?(subject)
    end
    
    # Return the number of times this node has been referenced in the object position
    # @return [Integer]
    def ref_count(resource)
      @references.fetch(resource, 0)
    end

    # Increase the reference count of this resource
    # @param [RDF::Resource] resource
    # @return [Integer] resulting reference count
    def bump_reference(resource)
      @references[resource] = ref_count(resource) + 1
    end
    
    # Mark a subject as done.
    def subject_done(subject)
      @serialized[subject] = true
    end
  end
end