ࡱ> 9 Qbjbjppl$@!!!P"*"@CR#R#(z#z#z#$$$BBBBBBB$D  G&B$$$$$B+z#z#hB+++$(z#8z#B+$B++1V`9@$:z#F# OO_+@~!%9 8:dB0C9x3H *3H8:+@@ IEA DH&C Project: Improvement of operational temperature differences in district heating systems Working document TYPES OF MALFUNCTIONS IN DH SUBSTATIONS Hkan Walletun ZW 2004-02-04 Energiteknik ZW - 04/06 Types of malfunctions in DH substations District heating substations which on an annual average exhibit a temperature difference lower than ca 30C can be suspected to suffer of some kind of malfunction. This malfunction can be found either in the substation itself or in the system connected to it, f. i. the radiator or tap hot water system. Some of these malfunctions can have impact on the delivered heating power or domestic hot water temperature, or else impair the comfort of the customer. For the district heating customer it might be very often be equally interesting to get rid of these malfunctions as it is the case for the heat deliverer. Very often, malfunctions cannot safely be identified by the cooling properties of a substation. In this case, additional diagnostic methods must be applied. We can conclude that a main class of malfunctions exist, which only impairs the cooling (temperature difference) of substations and another class, which impairs both cooling of substations and the comfort of the customer. There are many reasons for malfunction of a DH substation. Defects can be built in under installation or repair of a substation, due to wrong design or choice of components. Defects can occur due to aging or wear of a components. Malfunction can occur due to choice of unsuitable control parameters in the control equipment. Furthermore, the heat application environment can be designed that way that the intended system function cannot be achieved. Below, the following categories of malfunctions are used: R malfunction belonging to the radiator system T malfunction belonging to the domestic hot water (tap water) system C malfunction belonging to substation components E malfunction belonging to system environment. A differentiation is made between malfunctions impairing the substation cooling and customer comfort. In the Tables 1 4 lists with experienced malfunctions are presented for each of the malfunction categories listed above. For component abbreviations, see Figure1 and explanations in the Figure.  Figure 1: Typical 2-stage substation according to malfunction description. Explanation: HEX Heat exchangers CV1 Control valve radiator system CV2 Control valve hot water preparation CV3 Control valve hot water limitation T1 Radiator temperature sensor T2 Hot water temperature sensor T3 Hot water temperature safety limiter Tout Outdoor temperature sensor HWC Hot water recirculation . NrType of malfunctionImpact on comfortImpact on SS coolingR1Control valve CV1 manually positioned or closedyes, oftenyes, oftenR2Control valve CV1 leakingnoyesR3Soiled heat exchanger normally notyesR4Heat exchanger HEX connected in parallel flow (instead of counter flow)normally notyesR5Hot water circulation HWC pump not workingyesnot, if CV1 works correctly R6Wrong flow rate (malfunctioning pump or frequency control)depending on flow ratedepending on flow rateR7Wrong control curve appliedyes yes, if curve is too highR8Control curve of shunt group less than curve of primary systemyes yes, oftenR9Outdoor temperature sensor Tout defect or misplacedyes yes, oftenR10Temp sensor T1 defect or misplacedyes yes, oftenR11Expansion vase empty or leaking heating systemyes normally notR12Uneven flow distribution among two parallel HEXnoyes, oftenR13Short thermal length of radiator or ventilation batteryyes, oftenyes R14No radiator thermostat valves available or defect thermostat valvesyesyes, oftenR15Uncontrolled radiator flow and/or bypassesyes, oftenyes R16Unsatisfying adjusted radiator systemyes yes R17Shunted mixing valves in radiator circuitnoyes  Table 1: Possible malfunctions in the radiator heating system R - type Table 2: Possible malfunctions in the tap water system T - type NrType of malfunctionImpact on comfortImpact on SS coolingT1Control valve CV2 manually positioned or closedyes, oftenyes, oftenT2Control valve CV2 leakingnoyesT3Soiled heat exchanger normally notyesT4Heat exchanger HEX connected in parallel flow (instead of counter flow)normally notyesT5Fast HEX combined with slow control valveyes, oftenyes, oftenT6Hot water circulation pump not workingyesnot, if CV2 works correctly T7Wrong set temperature choiceyes, oftenyes, if too high chosenT8Wrong control parameter choiceyes, oftennormally notT9Set value RC2 > set value RC3noyesT10CV2 connected in sequence with CV3normally notyes, oftenT11Temp sensor T2 defect or misplaced (long distance to HEX)yesyesT12Short thermal length of hot water HEXyes, oftenyesT13HWC inadequately shunted noyes T14Control valve CV3 locked in a given positiondepends on control of CV2depends on control of CV2T15Control valve CV3 leakingyes, oftenyesT16Temp sensor T3 defect or misplacedyes, oftenyes, oftenT17HWC is missing, resulting in bad temperature control at low tapsyesyesT18Wrong HWC flowyes, if too lowyes, if too highT19Secondary HW make-up with secondary HWCnoyes NrType of malfunctionImpact on comfortImpact on SS coolingC1Wrong or defect HEXnormally notyes, oftenC2Wrong or defect control system RCyes yes, oftenC3RC not in operation or electrical malfunction yes yes, oftenC4Wrong or defect valve/motoryes yes, oftenC5Wrong valve sizeyes yes, oftenC6Blocked filter, primary sideyesno C7Blocked filter, secondary sideyesnot normallyC8Wrong seized flow meternot normallyyes, if valve authority is affectedC9Malfunction of heat meternonoC10Malfunction of valves connected in sequenceyes, oftenyes Table 3: Possible malfunctions because of defect components C type NrType of malfunctionImpact on comfortImpact on SS coolingE1Low district heating supply temperatureyes, if too lowyesE2Secondary use of heat pump or heat recovery system (can cause high return temperatures)noyesTable 4: Possible malfunctions due to erroneous system environment type E Hkan Walletun Nykping ZW Energiteknik 2004-02-04 IEA-District Heating and Cooling Annex VII ZW - 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