# Devise-Two-Factor Authentication
By [Tinfoil Security](http://tinfoilsecurity.com/)

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/tinfoil/devise-two-factor.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/tinfoil/devise-two-factor)

Devise-two-factor is a minimalist extension to Devise which offers support for two-factor authentication, through the [TOTP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-time_Password_Algorithm) scheme. It:

* Allows you to incorporate two-factor authentication into your existing models
* Is opinionated about security, so you don't have to be
* Integrates easily with two-factor applications like Google Authenticator and Authy
* Is extensible, and includes two-factor backup codes as an example of how plugins can be structured

## Example App
An example Rails 4 application is provided in demo/. It showcases a minimal example of devise-two-factor in action, and can act as a reference for integrating the gem into your own application.

For the demo app to work, create an encryption key and store it as an environment variable. One way to do this is to create a file named `local_env.yml` in the application root. Set the value of 'ENCRYPTION_KEY' in the YML file. That value will be loaded into the application environment by `application.rb`.

## Getting Started
Devise-two-factor doesn't require much to get started, but there are a few prerequisites before you can start using it in your application.

First, you'll need a Rails application setup with Devise. Visit the Devise [homepage](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) for instructions.

Next, since devise-two-factor encrypts its secrets before storing them in the database, you'll need to generate an encryption key, and store it in an environment variable of your choice. Set the encryption key in the model that uses devise:

```
  devise :two_factor_authenticatable,
         :otp_secret_encryption_key => ENV['YOUR_ENCRYPTION_KEY_HERE']

```

Finally, you can automate all of the required setup by simply running:

```ruby
rails generate devise_two_factor MODEL ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE
```

Where MODEL is the name of the model you wish to add two-factor functionality to, and ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE is the name of the variable you're storing your encryption key in.

This generator will add a few columns to the specified model:

* encrypted_otp_secret
* encrypted_otp_secret_iv
* encrypted_otp_secret_salt
* otp_required_for_login

It also adds the :two_factor_authenticatable directive to your model, and sets up your encryption key. If present, it will remove :database_authenticatable from the model, as the two strategies are incompatible. Lastly, the generator will add a Warden config block to your Devise initializer, which enables the strategies required for two-factor authenticatation.

If you're running Rails 3, or do not have strong parameters enabled, the generator will also setup the required mass-assignment security options in your model.

If you're running Rails 4, you'll also need to whitelist `:otp_attempt` as a permitted parameter in Devise `:sign_in` controller. You can do this by adding the following to your `application_controller.rb`

```ruby
before_action :configure_permitted_parameters, if: :devise_controller?

...

protected

def configure_permitted_parameters
  devise_parameter_sanitizer.for(:sign_in) << :otp_attempt
end
```

**After running the generator, verify that :database_authenticatable is not being loaded by your model. The generator will try to remove it, but if you have a non-standard Devise setup, this step may fail. Loading both :database_authenticatable and :two_factor_authenticatable in a model will allow users to bypass two-factor authenticatable due to the way Warden handles cascading strategies.**

## Designing Your Workflow
Devise-two-factor only worries about the backend, leaving the details of the integration up to you. This means that you're responsible for building the UI that drives the gem. While there is an example Rails application included in the gem, it is important to remember that this gem is intentionally very open-ended, and you should build a user experience which fits your individual application.

There are two key workflows you'll have to think about:

1. Logging in with two-factor authentication
2. Enabling two-factor authentication for a given user

We chose to keep things as simple as possible, and our implementation can be found by registering at [Tinfoil Security](https://tinfoilsecurity.com/), and enabling two-factor authentication from the [security settings page](https://www.tinfoilsecurity.com/account/security).


### Logging In
Logging in with two-factor authentication works extremely similarly to regular database authentication in Devise. The TwoFactorAuthenticatable strategy accepts three parameters:

1. email
2. password
3. otp_attempt (Their one-time password for this session)

These parameters can be submitted to the standard Devise login route, and the strategy will handle the authentication of the user for you.

### Disabling Automatic Login After Password Resets
If you use the Devise ```recoverable``` strategy, the default behavior after a password reset is to automatically authenticate the user and log them in. This is obviously a problem if a user has two-factor authentication enabled, as resetting the password would get around the 2FA requirement.

Because of this, you need to set `sign_in_after_reset_password` to false (either globally in your Devise initializer or via `devise_for`)

### Enabling Two-Factor Authentication
Enabling two-factor authentication for a user is easy. For example, if my user model were named User, I could do the following:

```ruby
current_user.otp_required_for_login = true
current_user.otp_secret = User.generate_otp_secret
current_user.save!
```

Before you can do this however, you need to decide how you're going to transmit two-factor tokens to a user. Common strategies include sending an SMS, or using a mobile application such as Google Authenticator.

At Tinfoil Security, we opted to use the excellent [rqrcode-rails3](https://github.com/samvincent/rqrcode-rails3) gem to generate a QR-code representing the user's secret key, which can then be scanned by any mobile two-factor authentication client.

If you instead to decide to send the one-time password to the user directly, such as via SMS, you'll need a mechanism for generating the one-time password on the server:

```ruby
current_user.current_otp
```

The generated code will be valid for the duration specified by otp_allowed_drift.

However you decide to handle enrollment, there are a few important considerations to be made:

* Whether you'll force the use of two-factor authentication, and if so, how you'll migrate existing users to system, and what your onboarding experience will look like
* If you authenticate using SMS, you'll want to verify the user's ownership of the phone, in much the same way you're probably verifying their email address
* How you'll handle device revocation in the event that a user loses access to their device, or that device is rendered temporarily unavailable (This gem includes TwoFactorBackupable as an example extension meant to solve this problem)

It sounds like a lot of work, but most of these problems have been very elegantly solved by other people. We recommend taking a look at the excellent workflows used by Heroku and Google for inspiration.

## Backup Codes
Devise-two-factor is designed with extensibility in mind. One such extension, TwoFactorBackupable, is included and serves as a good example of how to extend this gem. This plugin allows you to add the ability to generate single-use backup codes for a user, which they may use to bypass two-factor authentication, in the event that they lose access to their device.

To install it, you need to add the :two_factor_backupable directive to your model.

```ruby
devise :two_factor_backupable
```

You'll also be required to enable the :two_factor_backupable strategy, by adding the following line to your Warden config in your Devise initializer, substituting :user for the name of your Devise scope.

```ruby
manager.default_strategies(:scope => :user).unshift :two_factor_backupable
```

The final installation step is dependent on your version of Rails. If you're not running Rails 4, skip to the next section. Otherwise, create the following migration:

```ruby
class AddDeviseTwoFactorBackupableToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_column :users, :otp_backup_codes, :string, array: true
  end
end
```

You can then generate backup codes for a user:

```ruby
codes = current_user.generate_otp_backup_codes!
current_user.save!
# Display codes to the user somehow!
```

The backup codes are stored in the database as bcrypt hashes, so be sure to display them to the user at this point. If all went well, the user should be able to login using each of the generated codes in place of their two-factor token. Each code is single-use, and generating a new set of backup codes for that user will invalidate all of the old ones.

You can customize the length of each code, and the number of codes generated by passing the options into `:two_factor_backupable` in the Devise directive:

```ruby
devise :two_factor_backupable, otp_backup_code_length:     32,
                               otp_number_of_backup_codes: 10
```

### Help! I'm not using Rails 4.0!
Don't worry! TwoFactorBackupable stores the backup codes as an array of strings in the database. In Rails 4.0 this is supported natively, but in earlier versions you can use a gem to emulate this behaviour: we recommend [activerecord-postgres-array](https://github.com/tlconnor/activerecord-postgres-array).

You'll then simply have to create a migration to add an array named `otp_backup_codes` to your model. If you use the above gem, this migration might look like:

```ruby
class AddTwoFactorBackupCodesToUsers < ActiveRecord::Migration
  def change
    add_column :users, :otp_backup_codes, :string_array
  end
end
```

Now just continue with the setup in the previous section, skipping the generator step.

## Testing
Devise-two-factor includes shared-examples for both TwoFactorAuthenticatable and TwoFactorBackupable. Adding the following two lines to the specs for your two-factor enabled models will allow you to test your models for two-factor functionality:

```ruby
require 'devise_two_factor/spec_helpers'

it_behaves_like "two_factor_authenticatable"
it_behaves_like "two_factor_backupable"
```