# RDF::Turtle reader/writer [](http://travis-ci.org/ruby-rdf/rdf-turtle)
[Turtle][] reader/writer for [RDF.rb][RDF.rb] .
## Description
This is a [Ruby][] implementation of a [Turtle][] parser for [RDF.rb][].
## Features
RDF::Turtle parses [Turtle][Turtle] and [N-Triples][N-Triples] into statements or triples. It also serializes to Turtle.
Install with `gem install rdf-turtle`
* 100% free and unencumbered [public domain](http://unlicense.org/) software.
* Implements a complete parser for [Turtle][].
* Compatible with Ruby 1.8.7+, Ruby 1.9.x, and JRuby 1.4/1.5.
## Usage
Instantiate a reader from a local file:
graph = RDF::Graph.load("etc/doap.ttl", :format => :ttl)
Define `@base` and `@prefix` definitions, and use for serialization using `:base_uri` an `:prefixes` options.
Canonicalize and validate using `:canonicalize` and `:validate` options.
Write a graph to a file:
RDF::Turtle::Writer.open("etc/test.ttl") do |writer|
writer << graph
end
## Documentation
Full documentation available on [Rubydoc.info][Turtle doc]
### Principle Classes
* {RDF::Turtle::Format}
* {RDF::Turtle::TTL}
Asserts :ttl format, text/turtle mime-type and .ttl file extension.
* {RDF::Turtle::Reader}
* {RDF::Turtle::Writer}
### Variations from the spec
In some cases, the specification is unclear on certain issues:
* In section 2.1, the [spec][Turtle] indicates that "Literals ,
prefixed names and IRIs may also contain escapes to encode surrounding syntax ...",
however the description in 5.2 indicates that only IRI\_REF and the various STRING\_LITERAL terms
are subject to unescaping. This means that an IRI which might otherwise be representable using a PNAME
cannot if the IRI contains any characters that might need escaping. This implementation currently abides
by this restriction. Presumably, this would affect both PNAME\_NS and PNAME\_LN terminals.
(This is being tracked as issues [67](http://www.w3.org/2011/rdf-wg/track/issues/67)).
* The EBNF definition of IRIREF seems malformed, and has no provision for \^, as discussed elsewhere in the spec.
We presume that [#0000- ] is intended to be [#0000-#0020].
* The list example in section 6 uses a list on it's own, without a predicate or object, which is not allowed
by the grammar (neither is a blankNodeProperyList). Either the EBNF should be updated to allow for these
forms, or the examples should be changed such that ( ... ) and [ ... ] are used only in the context of being
a subject or object. This implementation will generate triples, however an error will be generated if the
parser is run in validation mode.
* For the time being, plain literals are generated without an xsd:string datatype, but literals with an xsd:string
datatype are saved as non-datatyped triples in the graph. This will be updated in the future when the rest of the
library suite is brought up to date.
## Implementation Notes
The reader uses a generic LL1 parser {RDF::LL1::Parser} and lexer {RDF::LL1::Lexer}. The parser takes branch and follow
tables generated from the original [Turtle EBNF Grammar][Turtle EBNF] described in the [specification][Turtle]. Branch and Follow tables are specified in {RDF::Turtle::Meta}, which is in turn
generated using etc/gramLL1.
The branch rules indicate productions to be taken based on a current production. Terminals are denoted
through a set of regular expressions used to match each type of terminal, described in {RDF::Turtle::Terminals}.
etc/turtle.bnf is used to to generate a Notation3 representation of the grammar, a transformed LL1 representation and ultimately {RDF::Turtle::Meta}.
Using SWAP utilities, this is done as follows:
python http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/grammar/ebnf2turtle.py \
etc/turtle.bnf \
ttl language \
'http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Turtle#' > |
sed -e 's/^ ".*"$/ g:seq (&)/' > etc/turtle.n3
python http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/cwm.py etc/turtle.n3 \
http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/grammar/ebnf2bnf.n3 \
http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/grammar/first_follow.n3 \
--think --data > etc/turtle-bnf.n3
script/gramLL1 \
--grammar etc/turtle-ll1.n3 \
--lang 'http://www.w3.org/ns/formats/Turtle#language' \
--output lib/rdf/turtle/meta.rb
## Dependencies
* [Ruby](http://ruby-lang.org/) (>= 1.8.7) or (>= 1.8.1 with [Backports][])
* [RDF.rb](http://rubygems.org/gems/rdf) (>= 0.3.4)
## Installation
The recommended installation method is via [RubyGems](http://rubygems.org/).
To install the latest official release of the `RDF::Turtle` gem, do:
% [sudo] gem install rdf-turtle
## Mailing List
*
## Author
* [Gregg Kellogg](http://github.com/gkellogg) -
## Contributing
* Do your best to adhere to the existing coding conventions and idioms.
* Don't use hard tabs, and don't leave trailing whitespace on any line.
* Do document every method you add using [YARD][] annotations. Read the
[tutorial][YARD-GS] or just look at the existing code for examples.
* Don't touch the `.gemspec`, `VERSION` or `AUTHORS` files. If you need to
change them, do so on your private branch only.
* Do feel free to add yourself to the `CREDITS` file and the corresponding
list in the the `README`. Alphabetical order applies.
* Do note that in order for us to merge any non-trivial changes (as a rule
of thumb, additions larger than about 15 lines of code), we need an
explicit [public domain dedication][PDD] on record from you.
## License
This is free and unencumbered public domain software. For more information,
see or the accompanying {file:UNLICENSE} file.
[Ruby]: http://ruby-lang.org/
[RDF]: http://www.w3.org/RDF/
[YARD]: http://yardoc.org/
[YARD-GS]: http://rubydoc.info/docs/yard/file/docs/GettingStarted.md
[PDD]: http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/public-rdf-ruby/2010May/0013.html
[RDF.rb]: http://rubydoc.info/github/ruby-rdf/rdf/master/frames
[Backports]: http://rubygems.org/gems/backports
[N-Triples]: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-testcases/#ntriples
[Turtle]: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-turtle-20120710/
[Turtle doc]: http://rubydoc.info/github/ruby-rdf/rdf-turtle/master/file/README.markdown
[Turtle EBNF]: http://dvcs.w3.org/hg/rdf/file/8610b8f58685/rdf-turtle/turtle.bnf