# I18n.js [![Gem Version](http://img.shields.io/gem/v/i18n-js.svg?style=flat-square)](http://badge.fury.io/rb/i18n-js) [![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg?style=flat-square)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT) [![Build Status](http://img.shields.io/travis/fnando/i18n-js.svg?style=flat-square)](https://travis-ci.org/fnando/i18n-js) [![Coverage Status](http://img.shields.io/coveralls/fnando/i18n-js.svg?style=flat-square)](https://coveralls.io/r/fnando/i18n-js) [![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/gitter-join%20chat-1dce73.svg?style=flat-square)](https://gitter.im/fnando/i18n-js) It's a small library to provide the Rails I18n translations on the JavaScript. Features: - Pluralization - Date/Time localization - Number localization - Locale fallback - Asset pipeline support - Lots more! :) ## Version Notice The `master` branch (including this README) is for latest `3.0.0` instead of `2.x`. ## Usage ### Installation #### Rails app Add the gem to your Gemfile. ```ruby gem "i18n-js" ``` #### Rails app with [Asset Pipeline](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html) If you're using the [asset pipeline](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html), then you must add the following line to your `app/assets/javascripts/application.js`. ```javascript // // This is optional (in case you have `I18n is not defined` error) // If you want to put this line, you must put it BEFORE `i18n/translations` //= require i18n // Some people even need to add the extension to make it work, see https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/283 //= require i18n.js // // This is a must //= require i18n/translations ``` #### Rails app without [Asset Pipeline](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/asset_pipeline.html) First, put this in your `application.html` (layout file). Then get the JS files following the instructions below. ```erb <%# This is just an example, you can put `i18n.js` and `translations.js` anywhere you like %> <%# Unlike the Asset Pipeline example, you need to require both **in order** %> <%= javascript_include_tag "i18n" %> <%= javascript_include_tag "translations", skip_pipeline: true %> ``` **There are two ways to get `translations.js` (For Rails app without Asset Pipeline).** 1. This `translations.js` file can be automatically generated by the `I18n::JS::Middleware`. Just add `config.middleware.use I18n::JS::Middleware` to your `config/application.rb` file. 2. If you can't or prefer not to generate this file, you can move the middleware line to your `config/environments/development.rb` file and run `rake i18n:js:export` before deploying. This will export all translation files, including the custom scopes you may have defined on `config/i18n-js.yml`. If `I18n.available_locales` is set (e.g. in your Rails `config/application.rb` file) then only the specified locales will be exported. Current version of `i18n.js` will also be exported to avoid version mismatching by downloading. #### Export Configuration (For translations) Exported translation files generated by `I18n::JS::Middleware` or `rake i18n:js:export` can be customized with config file `config/i18n-js.yml` (use `rails generate i18n:js:config` to create it). You can even get more files generated to different folders and with different translations to best suit your needs. The config file also affects developers using Asset Pipeline to require translations. Except the option `file`, since all translations are required by adding `//= require i18n/translations`. Examples: ```yaml translations: - file: 'public/javascripts/path-to-your-messages-file.js' only: '*.date.formats' - file: 'public/javascripts/path-to-your-second-file.js' only: ['*.activerecord', '*.admin.*.title'] ``` If `only` is omitted all the translations will be saved. Also, make sure you add that initial `*`; it specifies that all languages will be exported. If you want to export only one language, you can do something like this: ```yaml translations: - file: 'public/javascripts/en.js' only: 'en.*' - file: 'public/javascripts/pt-BR.js' only: 'pt-BR.*' ``` Optionally, you can auto generate a translation file per available locale if you specify the `%{locale}` placeholder. ```yaml translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' - file: "public/javascripts/frontend/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: ['*.frontend', '*.users.*'] ``` You can also include ERB in your config file. ```yaml translations: <% Widgets.each do |widget| %> - file: <%= "'#{widget.file}'" %> only: <%= "'#{widget.only}'" %> <% end %> ``` You are able to exclude certain phrases or whole groups of phrases by specifying the YAML key(s) in the `except` configuration option. The outputted JS translations file (exported or generated by the middleware) will omit any keys listed in `except` configuration param: ```yaml translations: - except: ['*.active_admin', '*.ransack', '*.activerecord.errors'] ``` #### Export Configuration (For other things) - `I18n::JS.config_file_path` Expected Type: `String` Default: `config/i18n-js.yml` Behaviour: Try to read the config file from that location - `I18n::JS.export_i18n_js_dir_path` Expected Type: `String` Default: `public/javascripts` Behaviour: - Any `String`: considered as a relative path for a folder to `Rails.root` and export `i18n.js` to that folder for `rake i18n:js:export` - Any non-`String` (`nil`, `false`, `:none`, etc): Disable `i18n.js` exporting - `I18n::JS.sort_translation_keys` Expected Type: `Boolean` Default: `true` Behaviour: - Sets whether or not to deep sort all translation keys in order to generate identical output for the same translations - Set to true to ensure identical asset fingerprints for the asset pipeline - You may also set `export_i18n_js` and `sort_translation_keys` in your config file, e.g.: ```yaml export_i18n_js: false # OR export_i18n_js: "my/path" sort_translation_keys: false translations: - ... ``` To find more examples on how to use the configuration file please refer to the tests. #### Fallbacks If you specify the `fallbacks` option, you will be able to fill missing translations with those inside fallback locale(s). Default value is `true`. Examples: ```yaml fallbacks: true translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' ``` This will enable merging fallbacks into each file. (set to `false` to disable). If you use `I18n` with fallbacks, the fallbacks defined there will be used. Otherwise `I18n.default_locale` will be used. ```yaml fallbacks: :de translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' ``` Here, the specified locale `:de` will be used as fallback for all locales. ```yaml fallbacks: fr: ["de", "en"] de: "en" translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' ``` Fallbacks defined will be used, if not defined (e.g. `:pl`) `I18n.fallbacks` or `I18n.default_locale` will be used. ```yaml fallbacks: :default_locale translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' ``` Setting the option to `:default_locale` will enforce the fallback to use the `I18n.default_locale`, ignoring `I18n.fallbacks`. Examples: ```yaml fallbacks: false translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/%{locale}.js" only: '*' ``` You must disable this feature by setting the option to `false`. To find more examples on how to use the configuration file please refer to the tests. #### Namespace Setting the `namespace` option will change the namespace of the output Javascript file to something other than `I18n`. This can be useful in no-conflict scenarios. Example: ```yaml translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js" namespace: "MyNamespace" ``` will create: ``` MyNamespace.translations || (MyNamespace.translations = {}); MyNamespace.translations["en"] = { ... } ``` #### Pretty Print Set the `pretty_print` option if you would like whitespace and indentation in your output file (default: false) ```yaml translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js" pretty_print: true ``` #### Javascript Deep Merge (:js_extend option) By default, the output file Javascript will call the `I18n.extend` method to ensure that newly loaded locale files are deep-merged with any locale data already in memory. To disable this either globally or per-file, set the `js_extend` option to false ```yaml js_extend: false # this will disable Javascript I18n.extend globally translations: - file: "public/javascripts/i18n/translations.js" js_extend: false # this will disable Javascript I18n.extend for this file ``` #### Vanilla JavaScript Just add the `i18n.js` file to your page. You'll have to build the translations object by hand or using your favorite programming language. More info below. #### Via NPM with webpack and CommonJS Add the following line to your package.json dependencies where version is the version you want ```javascript "i18n-js": "{version_constraint}" // Or if you want unreleased version // npm install requires it to be the gzipped tarball, see [npm install](https://www.npmjs.org/doc/cli/npm-install.html) "i18n-js": "https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/archive/{tag_name_or_branch_name_or_commit_sha}.tar.gz" ``` Run npm install then use via ```javascript var i18n = require("i18n-js"); ``` ### Setting up You **don't** need to set up a thing. The default settings will work just okay. But if you want to split translations into several files or specify specific contexts, you can follow the rest of this setting up section. Set your locale is easy as ```javascript I18n.defaultLocale = "pt-BR"; I18n.locale = "pt-BR"; I18n.currentLocale(); // pt-BR ``` **NOTE:** You can now apply your configuration **before I18n** is loaded like this: ```javascript I18n = {} // You must define this object in top namespace, which should be `window` I18n.defaultLocale = "pt-BR"; I18n.locale = "pt-BR"; // Load I18n from `i18n.js`, `application.js` or whatever I18n.currentLocale(); // pt-BR ``` In practice, you'll have something like the following in your `application.html.erb`: ```erb ``` You can use translate your messages: ```javascript I18n.t("some.scoped.translation"); // or translate with explicit setting of locale I18n.t("some.scoped.translation", {locale: "fr"}); ``` You can also interpolate values: ```javascript // You need the `translations` object setup first I18n.translations["en"] = { greeting: "Hello %{name}" } I18n.t("greeting", {name: "John Doe"}); ``` You can set default values for missing scopes: ```javascript // simple translation I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaultValue: "A default message"}); // with interpolation I18n.t("noun", {defaultValue: "I'm a {{noun}}", noun: "Mac"}); ``` You can also provide a list of default fallbacks for missing scopes: ```javascript // As a scope I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaults: [{scope: "some.existing.scope"}]}); // As a simple translation I18n.t("some.missing.scope", {defaults: [{message: "Some message"}]}); ``` Default values must be provided as an array of hashs where the key is the type of translation desired, a `scope` or a `message`. The translation returned will be either the first scope recognized, or the first message defined. The translation will fallback to the `defaultValue` translation if no scope in `defaults` matches and if no default of type `message` is found. Translation fallback can be enabled by enabling the `I18n.fallbacks` option: ```erb ``` By default missing translations will first be looked for in less specific versions of the requested locale and if that fails by taking them from your `I18n.defaultLocale`. ```javascript // if I18n.defaultLocale = "en" and translation doesn't exist // for I18n.locale = "de-DE" this key will be taken from "de" locale scope // or, if that also doesn't exist, from "en" locale scope I18n.t("some.missing.scope"); ``` Custom fallback rules can also be specified for a particular language. There are three different ways of doing it so: ```javascript I18n.locales.no = ["nb", "en"]; I18n.locales.no = "nb"; I18n.locales.no = function(locale){ return ["nb"]; }; ``` By default a missing translation will be displayed as [missing "name of scope" translation] While you are developing or if you do not want to provide a translation in the default language you can set ```javascript I18n.missingBehaviour='guess'; ``` this will take the last section of your scope and guess the intended value. Camel case becomes lower cased text and underscores are replaced with space questionnaire.whatIsYourFavorite_ChristmasPresent becomes "what is your favorite Christmas present" In order to still detect untranslated strings, you can i18n.missingTranslationPrefix to something like: ```javascript I18n.missingTranslationPrefix = 'EE: '; ``` And result will be: ```javascript "EE: what is your favorite Christmas present" ``` This will help you doing automated tests against your localisation assets. Some people prefer returning `null` for missing translation: ```javascript I18n.missingTranslation = function () { return undefined; }; ``` Pluralization is possible as well and by default provides English rules: ```javascript I18n.t("inbox.counting", {count: 10}); // You have 10 messages ``` The sample above expects the following translation: ```yaml en: inbox: counting: one: You have 1 new message other: You have {{count}} new messages zero: You have no messages ``` **NOTE:** Rails I18n recognizes the `zero` option. If you need special rules just define them for your language, for example Russian, just add a new pluralizer: ```javascript I18n.pluralization["ru"] = function (count) { var key = count % 10 == 1 && count % 100 != 11 ? "one" : [2, 3, 4].indexOf(count % 10) >= 0 && [12, 13, 14].indexOf(count % 100) < 0 ? "few" : count % 10 == 0 || [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].indexOf(count % 10) >= 0 || [11, 12, 13, 14].indexOf(count % 100) >= 0 ? "many" : "other"; return [key]; }; ``` You can find all rules on . If you're using the same scope over and over again, you may use the `scope` option. ```javascript var options = {scope: "activerecord.attributes.user"}; I18n.t("name", options); I18n.t("email", options); I18n.t("username", options); ``` You can also provide an array as scope. ```javascript // use the greetings.hello scope I18n.t(["greetings", "hello"]); ``` #### Number formatting Similar to Rails helpers, you have localized number and currency formatting. ```javascript I18n.l("currency", 1990.99); // $1,990.99 I18n.l("number", 1990.99); // 1,990.99 I18n.l("percentage", 123.45); // 123.450% ``` To have more control over number formatting, you can use the `I18n.toNumber`, `I18n.toPercentage`, `I18n.toCurrency` and `I18n.toHumanSize` functions. ```javascript I18n.toNumber(1000); // 1,000.000 I18n.toCurrency(1000); // $1,000.00 I18n.toPercentage(100); // 100.000% ``` The `toNumber` and `toPercentage` functions accept the following options: - `precision`: defaults to `3` - `separator`: defaults to `.` - `delimiter`: defaults to `,` - `strip_insignificant_zeros`: defaults to `false` See some number formatting examples: ```javascript I18n.toNumber(1000, {precision: 0}); // 1,000 I18n.toNumber(1000, {delimiter: ".", separator: ","}); // 1.000,000 I18n.toNumber(1000, {delimiter: ".", precision: 0}); // 1.000 ``` The `toCurrency` function accepts the following options: - `precision`: sets the level of precision - `separator`: sets the separator between the units - `delimiter`: sets the thousands delimiter - `format`: sets the format of the output string - `unit`: sets the denomination of the currency - `strip_insignificant_zeros`: defaults to `false` - `sign_first`: defaults to `true` You can provide only the options you want to override: ```javascript I18n.toCurrency(1000, {precision: 0}); // $1,000 ``` The `toHumanSize` function accepts the following options: - `precision`: defaults to `1` - `separator`: defaults to `.` - `delimiter`: defaults to `""` - `strip_insignificant_zeros`: defaults to `false` - `format`: defaults to `%n%u` ```javascript I18n.toHumanSize(1234); // 1KB I18n.toHumanSize(1234 * 1024); // 1MB ``` #### Date formatting ```javascript // accepted formats I18n.l("date.formats.short", "2009-09-18"); // yyyy-mm-dd I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-09-18 23:12:43"); // yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-11-09T18:10:34"); // JSON format with local Timezone (part of ISO-8601) I18n.l("time.formats.short", "2009-11-09T18:10:34Z"); // JSON format in UTC (part of ISO-8601) I18n.l("date.formats.short", 1251862029000); // Epoch time I18n.l("date.formats.short", "09/18/2009"); // mm/dd/yyyy I18n.l("date.formats.short", (new Date())); // Date object ``` You can also add placeholders to the date format: ```javascript I18n.translations["en"] = { date: { formats: { ordinal_day: "%B %{day}" } } } I18n.l("date.formats.ordinal_day", "2009-09-18", { day: '18th' }); // Sep 18th ``` If you prefer, you can use the `I18n.toTime` and `I18n.strftime` functions to format dates. ```javascript var date = new Date(); I18n.toTime("date.formats.short", "2009-09-18"); I18n.toTime("date.formats.short", date); I18n.strftime(date, "%d/%m/%Y"); ``` The accepted formats for `I18n.strftime` are: %a - The abbreviated weekday name (Sun) %A - The full weekday name (Sunday) %b - The abbreviated month name (Jan) %B - The full month name (January) %d - Day of the month (01..31) %-d - Day of the month (1..31) %H - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (00..23) %-H - Hour of the day, 24-hour clock (0..23) %I - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (01..12) %-I - Hour of the day, 12-hour clock (1..12) %m - Month of the year (01..12) %-m - Month of the year (1..12) %M - Minute of the hour (00..59) %-M - Minute of the hour (0..59) %p - Meridian indicator (AM or PM) %S - Second of the minute (00..60) %-S - Second of the minute (0..60) %w - Day of the week (Sunday is 0, 0..6) %y - Year without a century (00..99) %-y - Year without a century (0..99) %Y - Year with century %z - Timezone offset (+0545) Check out `spec/*.spec.js` files for more examples! #### Using pluralization and number formatting together Sometimes you might want to display translation with formatted number, like adding thousand delimiters to displayed number You can do this: ```json { "en": { "point": { "one": "1 Point", "other": "{{formatted_number}} Points", "zero": "0 Points" } } } ``` ```js var point_in_number = 1000; I18n.t('point', { count: point_in_number, formatted_number: I18n.toNumber(point_in_number) }); ``` Output should be `1,000 points` ## Using multiple exported translation files on a page. This method is useful for very large apps where a single contained translations.js file is not desirable. Examples would be a global translations file and a more specific route translation file. ### Rails without asset pipeline 1. Setup your `config/i18n-js.yml` to have multiple files and try to minimize any overlap. ```yaml sort_translation_keys: true fallbacks: false translations: + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/welcome.js" only: + '*.welcome.*' + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/albums.js" only: + '*.albums.*' + file: "app/assets/javascript/nls/global.js" only: + '*' # Exempt any routes specific translations from being # included in the global translation file except: + '*.welcome.*' + '*.albums.*' ``` When `rake i18n:js:export` is executed it will create 3 translations files that can be loaded via the `javascript_include_tag` 2. Add the `javascript_include_tag` to your layout and to any route specific files that will require it. ```ruby # views/layouts/application.html.erb <%= javascript_include_tag( "i18n" "nls/global" ) %> ``` and in the route specific ```ruby # views/welcome/index.html.erb <%= javascript_include_tag( "nls/welcome" ) %> ``` 3. Make sure that you add these files to your `config/application.rb` ```ruby config.assets.precompile += %w( i18n nls/* ) ``` ### Using require.js / r.js To use this with require.js we are only going to change a few things from above. 1. In your `config/i18n-js.yml` we need to add a better location for the i18n to be exported. You want to use this location so that it can be properly precompiled by r.js. ```yaml export_i18n_js: "app/assets/javascript/nls" ``` 2. In your `config/require.yml` we need to add a map, shim all the translations, and include them into the appropriate modules ```yaml # In your maps add (if you do not have this you will need to add it) map: '*': i18n: 'nls/i18n' # In your shims shims: nls/welcome: deps: + i18n nls/global: deps: + i18n # Finally in your modules modules: + name: 'application' include: + i18n + 'nls/global' + name: 'welcome' exclude: + application include: + 'nls/welcome' ``` 3. When `rake assets:precompile` is executed it will optimize the translations into the correct modules so they are loaded with their assigned module, and loading them with requirejs is as simple as requiring any other shim. ```javascript define(['welcome/other_asset','nls/welcome'], function (otherAsset){ // ... }); ``` 4. (optional) As an additional configuration we can make a task to be run before the requirejs optimizer. This will allow any automated scripts that run the requirejs optimizer to export the strings before we run r.js ```rake # lib/tasks/i18n.rake Rake::Task[:'i18n:js:export'].prerequisites.clear task :'i18n:js:export' => :'i18n:js:before_export' task :'requirejs:precompile:external' => :'i18n:js:export' namespace :i18n do namespace :js do task :before_export => :'assets:environment' do I18n.load_path += Dir[Rails.root.join('config', 'locales', '*.{yml,rb}')] I18n.backend.load_translations end end end ``` ## Using I18n.js with other languages (Python, PHP, ...) The JavaScript library is language agnostic; so you can use it with PHP, Python, [your favorite language here]. The only requirement is that you need to set the `translations` attribute like following: ```javascript I18n.translations = {}; I18n.translations["en"] = { message: "Some special message for you" } I18n.translations["pt-BR"] = { message: "Uma mensagem especial para você" } ``` ## Known Issues ### Missing translations in precompiled file(s) after adding any new locale file Due to the design of `sprockets`: - `depend_on` only takes file paths, not directory paths - registered `preprocessors` are only run when the fingerprint of any asset file, including `.erb` files, is changed This means that new locale files will not be detected, and so they will not trigger a i18n-js refresh. There are a few approaches to work around this: 1. You can force i18n-js to update its translations by completely clearing the assets cache. Use one of the following: ```bash $ rake assets:clobber # Or, with older versions of Rails: $ rake tmp:cache:clear ``` These commands will remove *all* fingerprinted assets, and you will have to recompile them with ```bash $ rake assets:precompile ``` or similar commands. If you are precompiling assets on the target machine(s), cached pages may be broken by this, so they will need to be refreshed. 2. You can change something in a different locale file. 3. Finally, you can change `config.assets.version`. **Note:** See issue [#213](https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/213) for more details and discussion of this issue. ### Translations in JS are not updated when Sprockets not loaded before this gem The "rails engine" declaration will try to detect existence of "sprockets" before adding the initailizer If sprockets is loaded after this gem, the preprocessor for making JS translations file cache to depend on content of locale files will not be hooked. So ensure sprockets is loaded before this gem like moving entry of sprockets in Gemfile or adding "require" statements for sprockets somewhere. **Note:** See issue [#404](https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/404) for more details and discussion of this issue. ### JS `I18n.toCurrency` & `I18n.toNumber` cannot handle large integers The above methods use `toFixed` and it only supports 53 bit integers. Ref: http://2ality.com/2012/07/large-integers.html Feel free to find & discuss possible solution(s) at issue [#511](https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/511) ### Only works with `Simple` backend If you set `I18n.backend` to something other than the default `Simple` backend, you will likely get an exception like this: ``` Undefined method 'initialized?' for ``` For now, i18n-js is only compatible with the `Simple` backend. If you need a more sophisticated backend for your rails application, like `I18n::Backend::ActiveRecord`, you can setup i18n-js to get translations from a separate `Simple` backend, by adding the following in an initializer: ```ruby I18n::JS.backend = I18n.backend I18n.backend = I18n::Backend::Chain.new(, I18n.backend) ``` This will use your backend with the default `Simple` backend as fallback, while i18n-js only sees and uses the simple backend. This means however, that only translations from your static locale files will be present in JavaScript. If you do cannot use a `Chain`-Backend for some reason, you can also set ```ruby I18n::JS.backend = I18n::Backend::Simple.new I18n.backend = ``` However, the automatic reloading of translations in developement will not work in this case. This is because Rails calls `I18n.reload!` for each request in development, but `reload!` will not be called on `I18n::JS.backend`, since it is a different object. One option would be to patch `I18n.reload!` in an initializer: ```ruby module I18n def self.reload! I18n::JS.backend.reload! super end end ``` See issue [#428](https://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/issues/428) for more details and discussion of this issue. ## Maintainer - Nando Vieira - ## Contributing Once you've made your great commits: 1. [Fork](http://help.github.com/forking/) I18n.js 2. Create a branch with a clear name 3. Make your changes (Please also add/change spec, README and CHANGELOG if applicable) 4. Push changes to the created branch 5. [Create an Pull Request](http://github.com/fnando/i18n-js/pulls) 6. That's it! Please respect the indentation rules and code style. And use 2 spaces, not tabs. And don't touch the versioning thing. ## Running tests You can run I18n tests using Node.js or your browser. To use Node.js, install the `jasmine-node` library: $ npm install jasmine-node Then execute the following command from the lib's root directory: $ npm test To run using your browser, just open the `spec/js/specs.html` file. You can run both Ruby and JavaScript specs with `rake spec`. ## License (The MIT License) Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.