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# List Ops
Implement basic list operations.
In functional languages list operations like `length`, `map`, and
`reduce` are very common. Implement a series of basic list operations,
without using existing functions.
## Exception messages
Sometimes it is necessary to raise an exception. When you do this, you should include a meaningful error message to
indicate what the source of the error is. This makes your code more readable and helps significantly with debugging. Not
every exercise will require you to raise an exception, but for those that do, the tests will only pass if you include
a message.
To raise a message with an exception, just write it as an argument to the exception type. For example, instead of
`raise Exception`, you should write:
```python
raise Exception("Meaningful message indicating the source of the error")
```
## Running the tests
To run the tests, run the appropriate command below ([why they are different](https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/1629#issue-161422224)):
- Python 2.7: `py.test list_ops_test.py`
- Python 3.3+: `pytest list_ops_test.py`
Alternatively, you can tell Python to run the pytest module (allowing the same command to be used regardless of Python version):
`python -m pytest list_ops_test.py`
### Common `pytest` options
- `-v` : enable verbose output
- `-x` : stop running tests on first failure
- `--ff` : run failures from previous test before running other test cases
For other options, see `python -m pytest -h`
## Submitting Exercises
Note that, when trying to submit an exercise, make sure the solution is in the `$EXERCISM_WORKSPACE/python/list-ops` directory.
You can find your Exercism workspace by running `exercism debug` and looking for the line that starts with `Workspace`.
For more detailed information about running tests, code style and linting,
please see the [help page](http://exercism.io/languages/python).
## Submitting Incomplete Solutions
It's possible to submit an incomplete solution so you can see how others have completed the exercise.
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