.. _TeX-support: ***************************** MathJax TeX and LaTeX Support ***************************** The support for :term:`TeX` and :term:`LaTeX` in MathJax consists of two parts: the `tex2jax` preprocessor, and the `TeX` input processor. The first of these looks for mathematics within your web page (indicated by math delimiters like ``$$...$$``) and marks the mathematics for later processing by MathJax. The TeX input processor is what converts the TeX notation into MathJax's internal format, where one of MathJax's output processors then displays it in the web page. The `tex2jax` preprocessor can be configured to look for whatever markers you want to use for your math delimiters. See the :ref:`tex2jax configuration options ` section for details on how to customize the action of `tex2jax`. The TeX input processor handles conversion of your mathematical notation into MathJax's internal format (which is essentially MathML), and so acts as a TeX to MathML converter. The TeX input processor has few configuration options (see the :ref:`TeX options ` section for details), but it can also be customized through the use of extensions that define additional functionality (see the :ref:`TeX and LaTeX extensions ` below). Note that the TeX input processor implements **only** the math-mode macros of TeX and LaTeX, not the text-mode macros. MathJax expects that you will use standard HTML tags to handle formatting the text of your page; it only handles the mathematics. So, for example, MathJax does not implement ``\emph`` or ``\begin{enumerate}...\end{enumerate}`` or other text-mode macros or environments. You must use HTML to handle such formatting tasks. If you need a LaTeX-to-HTML converter, you should consider `other options `_. TeX and LaTeX math delimiters ============================= By default, the `tex2jax` preprocessor defines the LaTeX math delimiters, which are ``$...$`` for in-line math, and ``\[...\]`` for displayed equations. It also defines the TeX delimiters ``$$...$$`` for displayed equations, but it does **not** define ``$...$`` as in-line math delimiters. That is because dollar signs appear too often in non-mathematical settings, which could cause some text to be treated as mathematics unexpectedly. For example, with single-dollar delimiters, "... the cost is $2.50 for the first one, and $2.00 for each additional one ..." would cause the phrase "2.50 for the first one, and" to be treated as mathematics since it falls between dollar signs. For this reason, if you want to use single-dollars for in-line math mode, you must enable that explicitly in your configuration: .. code-block:: javascript MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: { inlineMath: [['$','$'], ['\$','\$']], processEscapes: true } }); Note that if you do this, you may want to also set ``processEscapes`` to ``true``, as in the example above, so that you can use ``\$`` to prevent a dollar sign from being treated as a math delimiter within the text of your web page. (Note that within TeX mathematics, ``\$`` always has this meaning; ``processEscapes`` only affects the treatment of the *opening* math delimiter.) See the ``config/default.js`` file, or the :ref:`tex2jax configuration options ` page, for additional configuration parameters that you can specify for the `tex2jax` preprocessor, which is the component of MathJax that identifies TeX notation within the page. TeX and LaTeX in HTML documents =============================== Keep in mind that your mathematics is part of an HTML document, so you need to be aware of the special characters used by HTML as part of its markup. There cannot be HTML tags within the math delimiters (other than ``
``) as TeX-formatted math does not include HTML tags. Also, since the mathematics is initially given as text on the page, you need to be careful that your mathematics doesn't look like HTML tags to the browser (which parses the page before MathJax gets to see it). In particular, that means that you have to be careful about things like less-than and greater-than signs (``<`` and ``>``), and ampersands (``&``), which have special meaning to the browsers. For example, .. code-block:: latex ... when $x`` in the document (typically the end of the next actual tag in the HTML file), and you may notice that you are missing part of the text of the document. In the example above, the "``we have ...``" will not be displayed because the browser thinks it is part of the tag starting at ```` using TeX-like syntax: .. code-block:: latex ... when $x \lt y$ we have ... Keep in mind that the browser interprets your text before MathJax does. .. _tex-extensions: TeX and LaTeX extensions ======================== While MathJax includes nearly all of the Plain TeX math macros, and many of the LaTeX macros and environments, not everything is implemented in the core TeX input processor. Some less-used commands are defined in extensions to the TeX processor. MathJax will load some extensions automatically when you first use the commands they implement (for example, the ``\def`` and ``\newcommand`` macros are implemented in the ``newcommand.js`` extension, but MathJax loads this extension itself when you use those macros). Not all extensions are set up to load automatically, however, so you may need to request some extensions explicitly yourself. To enable any of the TeX extensions, simply add the appropriate string (e.g., ``"AMSmath.js"``) to the `extensions` array in the ``TeX`` block of your configuration. If you use one of the combined configuration files, like ``TeX-AMS_HTML``, this will already include several of the extensions automatically, but you can include others using a mathjax configuration script prior to loading MathJax. For example .. code-block:: html will load the `autobold` TeX extension in addition to those already included in the ``TeX-AMS_HTML`` configuration file. The main extensions are described below. AMSmath and AMSsymbols ---------------------- The `AMSmath` extension implements AMS math environments and macros, and the `AMSsymbols` extension implements macros for accessing the AMS symbol fonts. These are already included in the combined configuration files that load the TeX input processor. To use these extensions in your own configurations, add them to the `extensions` array in the TeX block. .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { extensions: ["AMSmath.js", "AMSsymbols.js", ...] } See the list of control sequences at the end of this document for details about what commands are implemented in these extensions. If you are not using one of the combined configuration files, the `AMSmath` extension will be loaded automatically when you first use one of the math environments it defines, but you will have to load it explicitly if you want to use the other macros that it defines. The `AMSsymbols` extension is not loaded automatically, so you must include it explicitly if you want to use the macros it defines. Autobold -------- The `autobold` extension adds ``\boldsymbol{...}`` around mathematics that appears in a section of an HTML page that is in bold. .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { extensions: ["autobold.js"] } This extension is **not** loaded by the combined configuration files. noErrors -------- The `noErrors` extension prevents TeX error messages from being displayed and shows the original TeX code instead. You can configure whether the dollar signs are shown or not for in-line math, and whether to put all the TeX on one line or use multiple lines (if the original text contained line breaks). This extension is loaded by all the combined configuration files that include the TeX input processor. To enable the `noErrors` extension in your own configuration, or to modify its parameters, add something like the following to your :meth:`MathJax.Hub.Config()` call: .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], // or ["$","$"] or ["\$","\$"] multiLine: true, // false for TeX on all one line style: { "font-family": "serif", "font-size": "80%", "color": "black", "border": "1px solid" // add any additional CSS styles that you want // (be sure there is no extra comma at the end of the last item) } } } Display-style math is always shown in multi-line format, and without delimiters, as it will already be set off in its own centered paragraph, like standard display mathematics. The default settings place the invalid TeX in a multi-line box with a black border. If you want it to look as though the TeX is just part of the paragraph, use .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["$","$"], // or ["",""] or ["\$","\$"] multiLine: false, style: { "font-size": "normal", "border": "" } } } You may also wish to set the font family, as the default is "serif". noUndefined ----------- The `noUndefined` extension causes undefined control sequences to be shown as their macro names rather than generating error messages. So ``$X_{\xxx}$`` would display as an "X" with a subscript consisting of the text ``\xxx`` in red. This extension is loaded by all the combined configuration files that include the TeX input processor. To enable the `noUndefined` extension in your own configuration, or to modify its parameters, add something like the following to your :meth:`MathJax.Hub.Config()` call: .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { extensions: ["noUndefined.js"], noUndefined: { attributes: { mathcolor: "red", mathbackground: "#FFEEEE", mathsize: "90%" } } } The ``attributes`` setting specifies attributes to apply to the ``mtext`` element that encodes the name of the undefined macro. The default values set ``mathcolor`` to ``"red"``, but do not set any other attributes. This example sets the background to a light pink, and reduces the font size slightly. Unicode support --------------- The `unicode` extension implements a ``\unicode{}`` extension to TeX that allows arbitrary unicode code points to be entered in your mathematics. You can specify the height and depth of the character (the width is determined by the browser), and the default font from which to take the character. Examples: .. code-block:: latex \unicode{65} % the character 'A' \unicode{x41} % the character 'A' \unicode[.55,0.05]{x22D6} % less-than with dot, with height .55em and depth 0.05em \unicode[.55,0.05][Geramond]{x22D6} % same taken from Geramond font \unicode[Garamond]{x22D6} % same, but with default height, depth of .8em,.2em Once a size and font are provided for a given unicode point, they need not be specified again in subsequent ``\unicode{}`` calls for that character. The result of ``\unicode{...}`` will have TeX class `ORD` (i.e., it will act like a variable). Use ``\mathbin{...}``, ``\mathrel{...}``, etc., to specify a different class. Note that a font list can be given in the ``\unicode{}`` macro, but Internet Explorer has a buggy implementation of the ``font-family`` CSS attribute where it only looks in the first font in the list that is actually installed on the system, and if the required glyph is not in that font, it does not look at later fonts, but goes directly to the default font as set in the `Internet-Options/Font` panel. For this reason, the default font list for the ``\unicode{}`` macro is ``STIXGeneral, 'Arial Unicode MS'``, so if the user has :term:`STIX` fonts, the symbol will be taken from that (almost all the symbols are in `STIXGeneral`), otherwise MathJax tries `Arial Unicode MS`. The `unicode` extension is loaded automatically when you first use the ``\unicode{}`` macro, so you do not need to add it to the `extensions` array. You can configure the extension as follows: .. code-block:: javascript TeX: { unicode: { fonts: "STIXGeneral, 'Arial Unicode MS'" } } .. _tex-commands: Supported LaTeX commands ======================== This is a long list of the TeX macros supported by MathJax. If the macro is defined in an extension, the name of the extension follows the macro name. If the extension is in brackets, the extension will be loaded automatically when the macro or environment is first used. Symbols ------- .. code-block:: latex # % & ^ _ { } ~ ' \ (backslash-space) \! \# \$ \% \& \, \: \; \> \\ \_ \{ \| \} A - .. code-block:: latex \above \abovewithdelims \acute \aleph \alpha \amalg \And \angle \approx \approxeq AMSsymbols \arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \array \Arrowvert \arrowvert \ast \asymp \atop \atopwithdelims B - .. code-block:: latex \backepsilon AMSsymbols \backprime AMSsymbols \backsim AMSsymbols \backsimeq AMSsymbols \backslash \backslash \bar \barwedge AMSsymbols \Bbb \Bbbk AMSsymbols \because AMSsymbols \begin \beta \beth AMSsymbols \between AMSsymbols \bf \Big \big \bigcap \bigcirc \bigcup \Bigg \bigg \Biggl \biggl \Biggm \biggm \Biggr \biggr \Bigl \bigl \Bigm \bigm \bigodot \bigoplus \bigotimes \Bigr \bigr \bigsqcup \bigstar AMSsymbols \bigtriangledown \bigtriangleup \biguplus \bigvee \bigwedge \binom AMSmath \blacklozenge AMSsymbols \blacksquare AMSsymbols \blacktriangle AMSsymbols \blacktriangledown AMSsymbols \blacktriangleleft AMSsymbols \blacktriangleright AMSsymbols \bmod \boldsymbol [boldsymbol] \bot \bowtie \Box AMSsymbols \boxdot AMSsymbols \boxed AMSmath \boxminus AMSsymbols \boxplus AMSsymbols \boxtimes AMSsymbols \brace \bracevert \brack \breve \buildrel \bullet \Bumpeq AMSsymbols \bumpeq AMSsymbols C - .. code-block:: latex \cal \cap \Cap AMSsymbols \cases \cdot \cdotp \cdots \centerdot AMSsymbols \cfrac AMSmath \check \checkmark AMSsymbols \chi \choose \circ \circeq AMSsymbols \circlearrowleft AMSsymbols \circlearrowright AMSsymbols \circledast AMSsymbols \circledcirc AMSsymbols \circleddash AMSsymbols \circledR AMSsymbols \circledS AMSsymbols \class [HTML] non-standard \clubsuit \colon \color \complement AMSsymbols \cong \coprod \cos \cosh \cot \coth \cr \csc \cssId [HTML] non-standard \cup \Cup AMSsymbols \curlyeqprec AMSsymbols \curlyeqsucc AMSsymbols \curlyvee AMSsymbols \curlywedge AMSsymbols \curvearrowleft AMSsymbols \curvearrowright AMSsymbols D - .. code-block:: latex \dagger \daleth AMSsymbols \dashleftarrow AMSsymbols \dashrightarrow AMSsymbols \dashv \dbinom AMSmath \ddagger \ddddot AMSmath \dddot AMSmath \ddot \ddots \DeclareMathOperator AMSmath \def [newcommand] \deg \Delta \delta \det \dfrac AMSmath \diagdown AMSsymbols \diagup AMSsymbols \diamond \Diamond AMSsymbols \diamondsuit \digamma AMSsymbols \dim \displaylines \displaystyle \div \divideontimes AMSsymbols \dot \doteq \Doteq AMSsymbols \doteqdot AMSsymbols \dotplus AMSsymbols \dots \dotsb \dotsc \dotsi \dotsm \dotso \doublebarwedge AMSsymbols \doublecap AMSsymbols \doublecup AMSsymbols \Downarrow \downarrow \downdownarrows AMSsymbols \downharpoonleft AMSsymbols \downharpoonright AMSsymbols E - .. code-block:: latex \ell \emptyset \end \enspace \epsilon \eqalign \eqalignno \eqcirc AMSsymbols \eqsim AMSsymbols \eqslantgtr AMSsymbols \eqslantless AMSsymbols \equiv \eta \eth AMSsymbols \exists \exp F - .. code-block:: latex \fallingdotseq AMSsymbols \fbox \Finv AMSsymbols \flat \forall \frac \frac AMSmath \frak \frown G - .. code-block:: latex \Game AMSsymbols \Gamma \gamma \gcd \ge \genfrac AMSmath \geq \geqq AMSsymbols \geqslant AMSsymbols \gets \gg \ggg AMSsymbols \gggtr AMSsymbols \gimel AMSsymbols \gnapprox AMSsymbols \gneq AMSsymbols \gneqq AMSsymbols \gnsim AMSsymbols \grave \gt \gt \gtrapprox AMSsymbols \gtrdot AMSsymbols \gtreqless AMSsymbols \gtreqqless AMSsymbols \gtrless AMSsymbols \gtrsim AMSsymbols \gvertneqq AMSsymbols H - .. code-block:: latex \hat \hbar \hbox \hdashline \heartsuit \hline \hom \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \hphantom \href [HTML] \hskip \hslash AMSsymbols \hspace \Huge \huge \idotsint AMSmath I - .. code-block:: latex \iff \iiiint AMSmath \iiint \iint \Im \imath \impliedby AMSsymbols \implies AMSsymbols \in \inf \infty \injlim AMSmath \int \intercal AMSsymbols \intop \iota \it J - .. code-block:: latex \jmath \Join AMSsymbols K - .. code-block:: latex \kappa \ker \kern L - .. code-block:: latex \Lambda \lambda \land \langle \LARGE \Large \large \LaTeX \lbrace \lbrack \lceil \ldotp \ldots \le \leadsto AMSsymbols \left \Leftarrow \leftarrow \leftarrowtail AMSsymbols \leftharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftleftarrows AMSsymbols \Leftrightarrow \leftrightarrow \leftrightarrows AMSsymbols \leftrightharpoons AMSsymbols \leftrightsquigarrow AMSsymbols \leftroot \leftthreetimes AMSsymbols \leq \leqalignno \leqq AMSsymbols \leqslant AMSsymbols \lessapprox AMSsymbols \lessdot AMSsymbols \lesseqgtr AMSsymbols \lesseqqgtr AMSsymbols \lessgtr AMSsymbols \lesssim AMSsymbols \lfloor \lg \lgroup \lhd AMSsymbols \lim \liminf \limits \limsup \ll \llap \llcorner AMSsymbols \Lleftarrow AMSsymbols \lll AMSsymbols \llless AMSsymbols \lmoustache \ln \lnapprox AMSsymbols \lneq AMSsymbols \lneqq AMSsymbols \lnot \lnsim AMSsymbols \log \Longleftarrow \longleftarrow \Longleftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \longmapsto \Longrightarrow \longrightarrow \looparrowleft AMSsymbols \looparrowright AMSsymbols \lor \lower \lozenge AMSsymbols \lrcorner AMSsymbols \Lsh AMSsymbols \lt \lt \ltimes AMSsymbols \lVert AMSmath \lvert AMSmath \lvertneqq AMSsymbols M - .. code-block:: latex \maltese AMSsymbols \mapsto \mathbb \mathbf \mathbin \mathcal \mathchoice [mathchoice] \mathclose \mathfrak \mathinner \mathit \mathop \mathopen \mathord \mathpunct \mathrel \mathring AMSmath \mathrm \mathscr \mathsf \mathstrut \mathtt \matrix \max \mbox \measuredangle AMSsymbols \mho AMSsymbols \mid \min \mit \mkern \mod \models \moveleft \moveright \mp \mskip \mspace \mu \multimap AMSsymbols N - .. code-block:: latex \nabla \natural \ncong AMSsymbols \ne \nearrow \neg \negmedspace AMSmath \negthickspace AMSmath \negthinspace \neq \newcommand [newcommand] \newenvironment [newcommand] \newline \nexists AMSsymbols \ngeq AMSsymbols \ngeqq AMSsymbols \ngeqslant AMSsymbols \ngtr AMSsymbols \ni \nLeftarrow AMSsymbols \nleftarrow AMSsymbols \nLeftrightarrow AMSsymbols \nleftrightarrow AMSsymbols \nleq AMSsymbols \nleqq AMSsymbols \nleqslant AMSsymbols \nless AMSsymbols \nmid AMSsymbols \nobreakspace AMSmath \nolimits \normalsize \not \notag [AMSmath] \notin \nparallel AMSsymbols \nprec AMSsymbols \npreceq AMSsymbols \nRightarrow AMSsymbols \nrightarrow AMSsymbols \nshortmid AMSsymbols \nshortparallel AMSsymbols \nsim AMSsymbols \nsubseteq AMSsymbols \nsubseteqq AMSsymbols \nsucc AMSsymbols \nsucceq AMSsymbols \nsupseteq AMSsymbols \nsupseteqq AMSsymbols \ntriangleleft AMSsymbols \ntrianglelefteq AMSsymbols \ntriangleright AMSsymbols \ntrianglerighteq AMSsymbols \nu \nVDash AMSsymbols \nVdash AMSsymbols \nvDash AMSsymbols \nvdash AMSsymbols \nwarrow O - .. code-block:: latex \odot \oint \oldstyle \Omega \omega \omicron \ominus \operatorname AMSmath \oplus \oslash \otimes \over \overbrace \overleftarrow \overleftrightarrow \overline \overrightarrow \overset \overwithdelims \owns P - .. code-block:: latex \parallel \partial \perp \phantom \Phi \phi \Pi \pi \pitchfork AMSsymbols \pm \pmatrix \pmb \pmod \pod \Pr \prec \precapprox AMSsymbols \preccurlyeq AMSsymbols \preceq \precnapprox AMSsymbols \precneqq AMSsymbols \precnsim AMSsymbols \precsim AMSsymbols \prime \prod \projlim AMSmath \propto \Psi \psi Q - .. code-block:: latex \qquad \quad R - .. code-block:: latex \raise \rangle \rbrace \rbrack \rceil \Re \renewcommand [newcommand] \require non-standard \restriction AMSsymbols \rfloor \rgroup \rhd AMSsymbols \rho \right \Rightarrow \rightarrow \rightarrowtail AMSsymbols \rightharpoondown \rightharpoonup \rightleftarrows AMSsymbols \rightleftharpoons \rightleftharpoons AMSsymbols \rightrightarrows AMSsymbols \rightsquigarrow AMSsymbols \rightthreetimes AMSsymbols \risingdotseq AMSsymbols \rlap \rm \rmoustache \root \Rrightarrow AMSsymbols \Rsh AMSsymbols \rtimes AMSsymbols \Rule non-standard \rVert AMSmath \rvert AMSmath S - .. code-block:: latex \S \scr \scriptscriptstyle \scriptsize \scriptstyle \searrow \sec \setminus \sf \sharp \shortmid AMSsymbols \shortparallel AMSsymbols \shoveleft AMSmath \shoveright AMSmath \sideset AMSmath \Sigma \sigma \sim \simeq \sin \sinh \skew \small \smallfrown AMSsymbols \smallint \smallsetminus AMSsymbols \smallsmile AMSsymbols \smash \smile \Space \space \spadesuit \sphericalangle AMSsymbols \sqcap \sqcup \sqrt \sqsubset AMSsymbols \sqsubseteq \sqsupset AMSsymbols \sqsupseteq \square AMSsymbols \stackrel \star \strut \style [HTML] non-stanard \subset \Subset AMSsymbols \subseteq \subseteqq AMSsymbols \subsetneq AMSsymbols \subsetneqq AMSsymbols \substack AMSmath \succ \succapprox AMSsymbols \succcurlyeq AMSsymbols \succeq \succnapprox AMSsymbols \succneqq AMSsymbols \succnsim AMSsymbols \succsim AMSsymbols \sum \sup \supset \Supset AMSsymbols \supseteq \supseteqq AMSsymbols \supsetneq AMSsymbols \supsetneqq AMSsymbols \surd \swarrow T - .. code-block:: latex \tag [AMSmath] \tan \tanh \tau \tbinom AMSmath \TeX \text \textbf \textit \textrm \textstyle \tfrac AMSmath \therefore AMSsymbols \Theta \theta \thickapprox AMSsymbols \thicksim AMSsymbols \thinspace \tilde \times \tiny \Tiny non-standard \to \top \triangle \triangledown AMSsymbols \triangleleft \trianglelefteq AMSsymbols \triangleq AMSsymbols \triangleright \trianglerighteq AMSsymbols \tt \twoheadleftarrow AMSsymbols \twoheadrightarrow AMSsymbols U - .. code-block:: latex \ulcorner AMSsymbols \underbrace \underleftarrow \underleftrightarrow \underline \underrightarrow \underset \unicode [unicode] non-standard \unlhd AMSsymbols \unrhd AMSsymbols \Uparrow \uparrow \Updownarrow \updownarrow \upharpoonleft AMSsymbols \upharpoonright AMSsymbols \uplus \uproot \Upsilon \upsilon \upuparrows AMSsymbols \urcorner AMSsymbols V - .. code-block:: latex \varDelta AMSsymbols \varepsilon \varGamma AMSsymbols \varinjlim AMSmath \varkappa AMSsymbols \varLambda AMSsymbols \varliminf AMSmath \varlimsup AMSmath \varnothing AMSsymbols \varOmega AMSsymbols \varphi \varPhi AMSsymbols \varpi \varPi AMSsymbols \varprojlim AMSmath \varpropto AMSsymbols \varPsi AMSsymbols \varrho \varsigma \varSigma AMSsymbols \varsubsetneq AMSsymbols \varsubsetneqq AMSsymbols \varsupsetneq AMSsymbols \varsupsetneqq AMSsymbols \vartheta \varTheta AMSsymbols \vartriangle AMSsymbols \vartriangleleft AMSsymbols \vartriangleright AMSsymbols \varUpsilon AMSsymbols \varXi AMSsymbols \vcenter \vdash \Vdash AMSsymbols \vDash AMSsymbols \vdots \vec \vee \veebar AMSsymbols \verb [verb] \Vert \vert \vphantom \Vvdash AMSsymbols W - .. code-block:: latex \wedge \widehat \widetilde \wp \wr X - .. code-block:: latex \Xi \xi \xleftarrow AMSmath \xrightarrow AMSmath Y - .. code-block:: latex \yen AMSsymbols Z - .. code-block:: latex \zeta Environments ------------ LaTeX environments of the form ``\begin{XXX} ... \end{XXX}`` are provided where ``XXX`` is one of the following: .. code-block:: latex align [AMSmath] align* [AMSmath] alignat [AMSmath] alignat* [AMSmath] aligned [AMSmath] alignedat [AMSmath] array Bmatrix bmatrix cases eqnarray eqnarray* equation equation* gather [AMSmath] gather* [AMSmath] gathered [AMSmath] matrix multline [AMSmath] multline* [AMSmath] pmatrix smallmatrix AMSmath split [AMSmath] subarray AMSmath Vmatrix vmatrix