/**
 * @private Returns a prototype object suitable for extending the given class
 * <tt>f</tt>. Rather than constructing a new instance of <tt>f</tt> to serve as
 * the prototype (which unnecessarily runs the constructor on the created
 * prototype object, potentially polluting it), an anonymous function is
 * generated internally that shares the same prototype:
 *
 * <pre>function g() {}
 * g.prototype = f.prototype;
 * return new g();</pre>
 *
 * For more details, see Douglas Crockford's essay on prototypal inheritance.
 *
 * @param {function} f a constructor.
 * @returns a suitable prototype object.
 * @see Douglas Crockford's essay on <a
 * href="http://javascript.crockford.com/prototypal.html">prototypal
 * inheritance</a>.
 */
pv.extend = function(f) {
  function g() {}
  g.prototype = f.prototype || f;
  return new g();
};

try {
  eval("pv.parse = function(x) x;"); // native support
} catch (e) {

/**
 * @private Parses a Protovis specification, which may use JavaScript 1.8
 * function expresses, replacing those function expressions with proper
 * functions such that the code can be run by a JavaScript 1.6 interpreter. This
 * hack only supports function expressions (using clumsy regular expressions, no
 * less), and not other JavaScript 1.8 features such as let expressions.
 *
 * @param {string} s a Protovis specification (i.e., a string of JavaScript 1.8
 * source code).
 * @returns {string} a conformant JavaScript 1.6 source code.
 */
  pv.parse = function(js) { // hacky regex support
    var re = new RegExp("function\\s*(\\b\\w+)?\\s*\\([^)]*\\)\\s*", "mg"), m, d, i = 0, s = "";
    while (m = re.exec(js)) {
      var j = m.index + m[0].length;
      if (js.charAt(j) != '{') {
        s += js.substring(i, j) + "{return ";
        i = j;
        for (var p = 0; p >= 0 && j < js.length; j++) {
          var c = js.charAt(j);
          switch (c) {
            case '"': case '\'': {
              while (++j < js.length && (d = js.charAt(j)) != c) {
                if (d == '\\') j++;
              }
              break;
            }
            case '[': case '(': p++; break;
            case ']': case ')': p--; break;
            case ';':
            case ',': if (p == 0) p--; break;
          }
        }
        s += pv.parse(js.substring(i, --j)) + ";}";
        i = j;
      }
      re.lastIndex = j;
    }
    s += js.substring(i);
    return s;
  };
}

/**
 * @private Computes the value of the specified CSS property <tt>p</tt> on the
 * specified element <tt>e</tt>.
 *
 * @param {string} p the name of the CSS property.
 * @param e the element on which to compute the CSS property.
 */
pv.css = function(e, p) {
  return window.getComputedStyle
      ? window.getComputedStyle(e, null).getPropertyValue(p)
      : e.currentStyle[p];
};

/**
 * @private Reports the specified error to the JavaScript console. Mozilla only
 * allows logging to the console for privileged code; if the console is
 * unavailable, the alert dialog box is used instead.
 *
 * @param e the exception that triggered the error.
 */
pv.error = function(e) {
  (typeof console == "undefined") ? alert(e) : console.error(e);
};

/**
 * @private Registers the specified listener for events of the specified type on
 * the specified target. For standards-compliant browsers, this method uses
 * <tt>addEventListener</tt>; for Internet Explorer, <tt>attachEvent</tt>.
 *
 * @param target a DOM element.
 * @param {string} type the type of event, such as "click".
 * @param {function} the event handler callback.
 */
pv.listen = function(target, type, listener) {
  listener = pv.listener(listener);
  return target.addEventListener
      ? target.addEventListener(type, listener, false)
      : target.attachEvent("on" + type, listener);
};

/**
 * @private Returns a wrapper for the specified listener function such that the
 * {@link pv.event} is set for the duration of the listener's invocation. The
 * wrapper is cached on the returned function, such that duplicate registrations
 * of the wrapped event handler are ignored.
 *
 * @param {function} f an event handler.
 * @returns {function} the wrapped event handler.
 */
pv.listener = function(f) {
  return f.$listener || (f.$listener = function(e) {
      try {
        pv.event = e;
        return f.call(this, e);
      } finally {
        delete pv.event;
      }
    });
};

/**
 * @private Returns true iff <i>a</i> is an ancestor of <i>e</i>. This is useful
 * for ignoring mouseout and mouseover events that are contained within the
 * target element.
 */
pv.ancestor = function(a, e) {
  while (e) {
    if (e == a) return true;
    e = e.parentNode;
  }
  return false;
};

/** @private Returns a locally-unique positive id. */
pv.id = function() {
  var id = 1; return function() { return id++; };
}();

/** @private Returns a function wrapping the specified constant. */
pv.functor = function(v) {
  return typeof v == "function" ? v : function() { return v; };
};