begin require 'psych' rescue LoadError end require 'yaml' require 'set' require 'active_support/benchmarkable' require 'active_support/dependencies' require 'active_support/descendants_tracker' require 'active_support/time' require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute' require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute_accessors' require 'active_support/core_ext/class/delegating_attributes' require 'active_support/core_ext/class/attribute' require 'active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options' require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge' require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access' require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/slice' require 'active_support/core_ext/string/behavior' require 'active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class' require 'active_support/core_ext/module/delegation' require 'active_support/core_ext/module/introspection' require 'active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable' require 'active_support/core_ext/object/blank' require 'arel' require 'active_record/errors' require 'active_record/log_subscriber' module ActiveRecord #:nodoc: # = Active Record # # Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from # the table definition with which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes # and their type is done directly in the database. Any change is instantly reflected in the # Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain # database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones. # # See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/activerecord/README_rdoc.html for more insight. # # == Creation # # Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash # method is especially useful when you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like an # HTTP request. It works like this: # # user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist") # user.name # => "David" # # You can also use block initialization: # # user = User.new do |u| # u.name = "David" # u.occupation = "Code Artist" # end # # And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact: # # user = User.new # user.name = "David" # user.occupation = "Code Artist" # # == Conditions # # Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement. # The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can # be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. The hash form works much like the array form, except # only equality and range is possible. Examples: # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password) # where("user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'").first # end # # def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password) # where("user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password).first # end # # def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password) # where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first # end # end # # The authenticate_unsafely method inserts the parameters directly into the query # and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection attacks if the user_name and +password+ # parameters come directly from an HTTP request. The authenticate_safely and # authenticate_safely_simply both will sanitize the user_name and +password+ # before inserting them in the query, which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the # query and fake the login (or worse). # # When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly # what the fourth or fifth question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can # resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing the question marks with # symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys: # # Company.where( # "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date", # { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' } # ).first # # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND # operator. For instance: # # Student.where(:first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1) # Student.where(params[:student]) # # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator: # # Student.where(:grade => 9..12) # # An array may be used in the hash to use the SQL IN operator: # # Student.where(:grade => [9,11,12]) # # When joining tables, nested hashes or keys written in the form 'table_name.column_name' # can be used to qualify the table name of a particular condition. For instance: # # Student.joins(:schools).where(:schools => { :type => 'public' }) # Student.joins(:schools).where('schools.type' => 'public' ) # # == Overwriting default accessors # # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record # object, but sometimes you want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by overwriting # the default accessors (using the same name as the attribute) and calling # read_attribute(attr_name) and write_attribute(attr_name, value) to actually # change things. # # class Song < ActiveRecord::Base # # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song # # def length=(minutes) # write_attribute(:length, minutes.to_i * 60) # end # # def length # read_attribute(:length) / 60 # end # end # # You can alternatively use self[:attribute]=(value) and self[:attribute] # instead of write_attribute(:attribute, value) and read_attribute(:attribute). # # == Attribute query methods # # In addition to the basic accessors, query methods are also automatically available on the Active Record object. # Query methods allow you to test whether an attribute value is present. # # For example, an Active Record User with the name attribute has a name? method that you can call # to determine whether the user has a name: # # user = User.new(:name => "David") # user.name? # => true # # anonymous = User.new(:name => "") # anonymous.name? # => false # # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted # # Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined # typecast run its course first. That can be done by using the _before_type_cast # accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model has a balance attribute, # you can call account.balance_before_type_cast or account.id_before_type_cast. # # This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an # integer field and you want to display the original string back in an error message. Accessing the # attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you want. # # == Dynamic attribute-based finders # # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects # by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by appending the name of an attribute # to find_by_, find_last_by_, or find_all_by_ and thus produces finders # like Person.find_by_user_name, Person.find_all_by_last_name, and # Payment.find_by_transaction_id. Instead of writing # Person.where(:user_name => user_name).first, you just do Person.find_by_user_name(user_name). # And instead of writing Person.where(:last_name => last_name).all, you just do # Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name). # # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_". # # Person.where(:user_name => user_name, :password => password).first # Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) # with dynamic finder # # It's even possible to call these dynamic finder methods on relations and named scopes. # # Payment.order("created_on").find_all_by_amount(50) # Payment.pending.find_last_by_amount(100) # # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist. # This dynamic finder is called with find_or_create_by_ and will return the object if # it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Protected attributes won't be set # unless they are given in a block. # # # No 'Summer' tag exists # Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer") # # # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist # Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer") # # # Now 'Bob' exist and is an 'admin' # User.find_or_create_by_name('Bob', :age => 40) { |u| u.admin = true } # # Use the find_or_initialize_by_ finder if you want to return a new record without # saving it first. Protected attributes won't be set unless they are given in a block. # # # No 'Winter' tag exists # winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter") # winter.persisted? # false # # To find by a subset of the attributes to be used for instantiating a new object, pass a hash instead of # a list of parameters. # # Tag.find_or_create_by_name(:name => "rails", :creator => current_user) # # That will either find an existing tag named "rails", or create a new one while setting the # user that created it. # # Just like find_by_*, you can also use scoped_by_* to retrieve data. The good thing about # using this feature is that the very first time result is returned using method_missing technique # but after that the method is declared on the class. Henceforth method_missing will not be hit. # # User.scoped_by_user_name('David') # # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns # # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must # specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+. # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing # any additional work. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # serialize :preferences # end # # user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }) # User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large } # # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception # if a serialized object is retrieved as a descendant of a class not in the hierarchy. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # serialize :preferences, Hash # end # # user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three )) # User.find(user.id).preferences # raises SerializationTypeMismatch # # When you specify a class option, the default value for that attribute will be a new # instance of that class. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # serialize :preferences, OpenStruct # end # # user = User.new # user.preferences.theme_color = "red" # # # == Single table inheritance # # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by # default is named "type" (can be changed by overwriting Base.inheritance_column). # This means that an inheritance looking like this: # # class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end # class Firm < Company; end # class Client < Company; end # class PriorityClient < Client; end # # When you do Firm.create(:name => "37signals"), this record will be saved in # the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then fetch this row again using # Company.where(:name => '37signals').first and it will return a Firm object. # # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't # be triggered. In that case, it'll work just like normal subclasses with no special magic # for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find. # # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more: # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html # # == Connection to multiple databases in different models # # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved # by ActiveRecord::Base.connection. All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this # connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection. For example, if Course is an # ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database, you can just say Course.establish_connection # and Course and all of its subclasses will use this connection instead. # # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is # a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is requested, the retrieve_connection method # will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool. # # == Exceptions # # * ActiveRecordError - Generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record. # * AdapterNotSpecified - The configuration hash used in establish_connection didn't include an # :adapter key. # * AdapterNotFound - The :adapter key used in establish_connection specified a # non-existent adapter # (or a bad spelling of an existing one). # * AssociationTypeMismatch - The object assigned to the association wasn't of the type # specified in the association definition. # * SerializationTypeMismatch - The serialized object wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter. # * ConnectionNotEstablished+ - No connection has been established. Use establish_connection # before querying. # * RecordNotFound - No record responded to the +find+ method. Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist # or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions. Some +find+ calls do not raise this exception to signal # nothing was found, please check its documentation for further details. # * StatementInvalid - The database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the message. # * MultiparameterAssignmentErrors - Collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the # attributes= method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of # AttributeAssignmentError # objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors. # * AttributeAssignmentError - An error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the # attributes= method. # You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute # triggered the error. # # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level). # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through Base.logger= which will then be used by all # instances in the current object space. class Base ## # :singleton-method: # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, # which is then passed on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both # a class and instance level by calling +logger+. cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false ## # :singleton-method: # Contains the database configuration - as is typically stored in config/database.yml - # as a Hash. # # For example, the following database.yml... # # development: # adapter: sqlite3 # database: db/development.sqlite3 # # production: # adapter: sqlite3 # database: db/production.sqlite3 # # ...would result in ActiveRecord::Base.configurations to look like this: # # { # 'development' => { # 'adapter' => 'sqlite3', # 'database' => 'db/development.sqlite3' # }, # 'production' => { # 'adapter' => 'sqlite3', # 'database' => 'db/production.sqlite3' # } # } cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false @@configurations = {} ## # :singleton-method: # Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name. # The options are :table_name and :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified, # the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as the primary column. If the # latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember # that this is a global setting for all Active Records. cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, :instance_writer => false @@primary_key_prefix_type = nil ## # :singleton-method: # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set # to "basecamp_", all table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", # etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace for tables in a shared database. # By default, the prefix is the empty string. # # If you are organising your models within modules you can add a prefix to the models within # a namespace by defining a singleton method in the parent module called table_name_prefix which # returns your chosen prefix. class_attribute :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false self.table_name_prefix = "" ## # :singleton-method: # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp", # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string. class_attribute :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false self.table_name_suffix = "" ## # :singleton-method: # Indicates whether table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names. # If true, the default table name for a Product class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+. # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default. class_attribute :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false self.pluralize_table_names = true ## # :singleton-method: # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling # dates and times from the database. This is set to :local by default. cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false @@default_timezone = :local ## # :singleton-method: # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails' # Rakefile. If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database- # specific) SQL statements. If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that # supports migrations. Use :ruby if you want to have different database # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments. cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false @@schema_format = :ruby ## # :singleton-method: # Specify whether or not to use timestamps for migration versions cattr_accessor :timestamped_migrations , :instance_writer => false @@timestamped_migrations = true # Determine whether to store the full constant name including namespace when using STI class_attribute :store_full_sti_class self.store_full_sti_class = true # Stores the default scope for the class class_attribute :default_scopes, :instance_writer => false self.default_scopes = [] # Boolean flag to prevent infinite recursion when evaluating default scopes class_attribute :apply_default_scope, :instance_writer => false self.apply_default_scope = true # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as # keys and their class restriction as values. class_attribute :serialized_attributes self.serialized_attributes = {} class_attribute :_attr_readonly, :instance_writer => false self._attr_readonly = [] class << self # Class methods delegate :find, :first, :first!, :last, :last!, :all, :exists?, :any?, :many?, :to => :scoped delegate :destroy, :destroy_all, :delete, :delete_all, :update, :update_all, :to => :scoped delegate :find_each, :find_in_batches, :to => :scoped delegate :select, :group, :order, :except, :reorder, :limit, :offset, :joins, :where, :preload, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :having, :create_with, :to => :scoped delegate :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :to => :scoped # Executes a custom SQL query against your database and returns all the results. The results will # be returned as an array with columns requested encapsulated as attributes of the model you call # this method from. If you call Product.find_by_sql then the results will be returned in # a Product object with the attributes you specified in the SQL query. # # If you call a complicated SQL query which spans multiple tables the columns specified by the # SELECT will be attributes of the model, whether or not they are columns of the corresponding # table. # # The +sql+ parameter is a full SQL query as a string. It will be called as is, there will be # no database agnostic conversions performed. This should be a last resort because using, for example, # MySQL specific terms will lock you to using that particular database engine or require you to # change your call if you switch engines. # # ==== Examples # # A simple SQL query spanning multiple tables # Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id" # > [#"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...] # # # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with ActiveRecord#find # Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date] # > [#"The Cheap Man Buys Twice"}>, ...] def find_by_sql(sql, binds = []) connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds).collect! { |record| instantiate(record) } end # Creates an object (or multiple objects) and saves it to the database, if validations pass. # The resulting object is returned whether the object was saved successfully to the database or not. # # The +attributes+ parameter can be either be a Hash or an Array of Hashes. These Hashes describe the # attributes on the objects that are to be created. # # +create+ respects mass-assignment security and accepts either +:as+ or +:without_protection+ options # in the +options+ parameter. # # ==== Examples # # Create a single new object # User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') # # # Create a single new object using the :admin mass-assignment security role # User.create({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :as => :admin) # # # Create a single new object bypassing mass-assignment security # User.create({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :without_protection => true) # # # Create an Array of new objects # User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) # # # Create a single object and pass it into a block to set other attributes. # User.create(:first_name => 'Jamie') do |u| # u.is_admin = false # end # # # Creating an Array of new objects using a block, where the block is executed for each object: # User.create([{ :first_name => 'Jamie' }, { :first_name => 'Jeremy' }]) do |u| # u.is_admin = false # end def create(attributes = nil, options = {}, &block) if attributes.is_a?(Array) attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr, options, &block) } else object = new(attributes, options) yield(object) if block_given? object.save object end end # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part. # The use of this method should be restricted to complicated SQL queries that can't be executed # using the ActiveRecord::Calculations class methods. Look into those before using this. # # ==== Parameters # # * +sql+ - An SQL statement which should return a count query from the database, see the example below. # # ==== Examples # # Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id" def count_by_sql(sql) sql = sanitize_conditions(sql) connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i end # Attributes listed as readonly will be used to create a new record but update operations will # ignore these fields. def attr_readonly(*attributes) self._attr_readonly = Set.new(attributes.map { |a| a.to_s }) + (self._attr_readonly || []) end # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been specified as readonly. def readonly_attributes self._attr_readonly end # If you have an attribute that needs to be saved to the database as an object, and retrieved as the same object, # then specify the name of that attribute using this method and it will be handled automatically. # The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized object must be of that # class on retrieval or SerializationTypeMismatch will be raised. # # ==== Parameters # # * +attr_name+ - The field name that should be serialized. # * +class_name+ - Optional, class name that the object type should be equal to. # # ==== Example # # Serialize a preferences attribute # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # serialize :preferences # end def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object) coder = if [:load, :dump].all? { |x| class_name.respond_to?(x) } class_name else Coders::YAMLColumn.new(class_name) end # merge new serialized attribute and create new hash to ensure that each class in inheritance hierarchy # has its own hash of own serialized attributes self.serialized_attributes = serialized_attributes.merge(attr_name.to_s => coder) end # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the # inheritance hierarchy descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base. So if the hierarchy # looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, then Message is used # to guess the table name even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess # are handled by the Inflector class in Active Support, which knows almost all common # English inflections. You can add new inflections in config/initializers/inflections.rb. # # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of # the parent's table name. Enclosing modules are not considered. # # ==== Examples # # class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base # end # # file class table_name # invoice.rb Invoice invoices # # class Invoice < ActiveRecord::Base # class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base # end # end # # file class table_name # invoice.rb Invoice::Lineitem invoice_lineitems # # module Invoice # class Lineitem < ActiveRecord::Base # end # end # # file class table_name # invoice/lineitem.rb Invoice::Lineitem lineitems # # Additionally, the class-level +table_name_prefix+ is prepended and the # +table_name_suffix+ is appended. So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix, # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices". # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems". # # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example: # # class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base # set_table_name "mice" # end def table_name reset_table_name end # Returns a quoted version of the table name, used to construct SQL statements. def quoted_table_name @quoted_table_name ||= connection.quote_table_name(table_name) end # Computes the table name, (re)sets it internally, and returns it. def reset_table_name #:nodoc: self.table_name = compute_table_name end def full_table_name_prefix #:nodoc: (parents.detect{ |p| p.respond_to?(:table_name_prefix) } || self).table_name_prefix end # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance. Use # set_inheritance_column to set a different value. def inheritance_column @inheritance_column ||= "type" end # Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default. This method # is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it. def sequence_name #:nodoc: reset_sequence_name end def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc: default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key) set_sequence_name(default) default end # Sets the table name. If the value is nil or false then the value returned by the given # block is used. # # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # set_table_name "project" # end def set_table_name(value = nil, &block) @quoted_table_name = nil define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block @arel_table = nil @arel_table = Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine) @relation = Relation.new(self, arel_table) end alias :table_name= :set_table_name # Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value, # or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the # given block. # # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # set_inheritance_column do # original_inheritance_column + "_id" # end # end def set_inheritance_column(value = nil, &block) define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block end alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given # value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation. # # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird, # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq # # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it # will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you. # # class Project < ActiveRecord::Base # set_sequence_name "projectseq" # default would have been "project_seq" # end def set_sequence_name(value = nil, &block) define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block end alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists def table_exists? connection.table_exists?(table_name) end # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class. def columns connection_pool.columns[table_name] end # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class. def columns_hash connection_pool.columns_hash[table_name] end # Returns an array of column names as strings. def column_names @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name } end # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count", # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed. def content_columns @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column } end # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute # is available. def column_methods_hash #:nodoc: @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr| attr_name = attr.to_s methods[attr.to_sym] = attr_name methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name methods end end # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them # to be reloaded on the next request. # # The most common usage pattern for this method is probably in a migration, # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default # values, eg: # # class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration # def self.up # create_table :job_levels do |t| # t.integer :id # t.string :name # # t.timestamps # end # # JobLevel.reset_column_information # %w{assistant executive manager director}.each do |type| # JobLevel.create(:name => type) # end # end # # def self.down # drop_table :job_levels # end # end def reset_column_information connection.clear_cache! undefine_attribute_methods connection_pool.clear_table_cache!(table_name) if table_exists? @column_names = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @inheritance_column = nil @arel_engine = @relation = nil end def clear_cache! # :nodoc: connection_pool.clear_cache! end def attribute_method?(attribute) super || (table_exists? && column_names.include?(attribute.to_s.sub(/=$/, ''))) end # Returns an array of column names as strings if it's not # an abstract class and table exists. # Otherwise it returns an empty array. def attribute_names @attribute_names ||= if !abstract_class? && table_exists? column_names else [] end end # Set the lookup ancestors for ActiveModel. def lookup_ancestors #:nodoc: klass = self classes = [klass] return classes if klass == ActiveRecord::Base while klass != klass.base_class classes << klass = klass.superclass end classes end # Set the i18n scope to overwrite ActiveModel. def i18n_scope #:nodoc: :activerecord end # True if this isn't a concrete subclass needing a STI type condition. def descends_from_active_record? if superclass.abstract_class? superclass.descends_from_active_record? else superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) end end def finder_needs_type_condition? #:nodoc: # This is like this because benchmarking justifies the strange :false stuff :true == (@finder_needs_type_condition ||= descends_from_active_record? ? :false : :true) end # Returns a string like 'Post(id:integer, title:string, body:text)' def inspect if self == Base super elsif abstract_class? "#{super}(abstract)" elsif table_exists? attr_list = columns.map { |c| "#{c.name}: #{c.type}" } * ', ' "#{super}(#{attr_list})" else "#{super}(Table doesn't exist)" end end def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc: connection.quote(value,column) end # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SQL SELECT statement. Delegates to connection.quote. def sanitize(object) #:nodoc: connection.quote(object) end # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies. def ===(object) object.is_a?(self) end def symbolized_base_class @symbolized_base_class ||= base_class.to_s.to_sym end def symbolized_sti_name @symbolized_sti_name ||= sti_name.present? ? sti_name.to_sym : symbolized_base_class end # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A. # # If B < A and C < B and if A is an abstract_class then both B.base_class # and C.base_class would return B as the answer since A is an abstract_class. def base_class class_of_active_record_descendant(self) end # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see abstract_class?). attr_accessor :abstract_class # Returns whether this class is an abstract class or not. def abstract_class? defined?(@abstract_class) && @abstract_class == true end def respond_to?(method_id, include_private = false) if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id) return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names) elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id) return true if all_attributes_exists?(match.attribute_names) end super end def sti_name store_full_sti_class ? name : name.demodulize end def arel_table @arel_table ||= Arel::Table.new(table_name, arel_engine) end def arel_engine @arel_engine ||= begin if self == ActiveRecord::Base ActiveRecord::Base else connection_handler.connection_pools[name] ? self : superclass.arel_engine end end end # Returns a scope for this class without taking into account the default_scope. # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.default_scope # where :published => true # end # end # # Post.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE published = true" # Post.unscoped.all # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts" # # This method also accepts a block meaning that all queries inside the block will # not use the default_scope: # # Post.unscoped { # Post.limit(10) # Fires "SELECT * FROM posts LIMIT 10" # } # # It is recommended to use block form of unscoped because chaining unscoped with scope # does not work. Assuming that published is a scope following two statements are same. # # Post.unscoped.published # Post.published def unscoped #:nodoc: block_given? ? relation.scoping { yield } : relation end def before_remove_const #:nodoc: self.current_scope = nil end # Specifies how the record is loaded by +Marshal+. # # +_load+ sets an instance variable for each key in the hash it takes as input. # Override this method if you require more complex marshalling. def _load(data) record = allocate record.init_with(Marshal.load(data)) record end # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create # objects of different types from the same table. def instantiate(record) sti_class = find_sti_class(record[inheritance_column]) record_id = sti_class.primary_key && record[sti_class.primary_key] if ActiveRecord::IdentityMap.enabled? && record_id if (column = sti_class.columns_hash[sti_class.primary_key]) && column.number? record_id = record_id.to_i end if instance = IdentityMap.get(sti_class, record_id) instance.reinit_with('attributes' => record) else instance = sti_class.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record) IdentityMap.add(instance) end else instance = sti_class.allocate.init_with('attributes' => record) end instance end private def relation #:nodoc: @relation ||= Relation.new(self, arel_table) if finder_needs_type_condition? @relation.where(type_condition).create_with(inheritance_column.to_sym => sti_name) else @relation end end def find_sti_class(type_name) if type_name.blank? || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column) self else begin if store_full_sti_class ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name) else compute_type(type_name) end rescue NameError raise SubclassNotFound, "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{type_name}'. " + "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " + "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " + "or overwrite #{name}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information." end end end def construct_finder_arel(options = {}, scope = nil) relation = options.is_a?(Hash) ? unscoped.apply_finder_options(options) : options relation = scope.merge(relation) if scope relation end def type_condition(table = arel_table) sti_column = table[inheritance_column.to_sym] sti_names = ([self] + descendants).map { |model| model.sti_name } sti_column.in(sti_names) end # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information. def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name) table_name = class_name.to_s.demodulize.underscore table_name = table_name.pluralize if pluralize_table_names table_name end # Computes and returns a table name according to default conventions. def compute_table_name base = base_class if self == base # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name. if parent < ActiveRecord::Base && !parent.abstract_class? contained = parent.table_name contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names contained += '_' end "#{full_table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(name)}#{table_name_suffix}" else # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table. base.table_name end end # Enables dynamic finders like User.find_by_user_name(user_name) and # User.scoped_by_user_name(user_name). Refer to Dynamic attribute-based finders # section at the top of this file for more detailed information. # # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to +find+. For example, the # full interface for +find_all_by_amount+ is actually find_all_by_amount(amount, options). # # Each dynamic finder using scoped_by_* is also defined in the class after it # is first invoked, so that future attempts to use it do not run through method_missing. def method_missing(method_id, *arguments, &block) if match = DynamicFinderMatch.match(method_id) attribute_names = match.attribute_names super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names) if match.finder? options = arguments.extract_options! relation = options.any? ? scoped(options) : scoped relation.send :find_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments elsif match.instantiator? scoped.send :find_or_instantiator_by_attributes, match, attribute_names, *arguments, &block end elsif match = DynamicScopeMatch.match(method_id) attribute_names = match.attribute_names super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names) if match.scope? self.class_eval <<-METHOD, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def self.#{method_id}(*args) # def self.scoped_by_user_name_and_password(*args) attributes = Hash[[:#{attribute_names.join(',:')}].zip(args)] # attributes = Hash[[:user_name, :password].zip(args)] # scoped(:conditions => attributes) # scoped(:conditions => attributes) end # end METHOD send(method_id, *arguments) end else super end end # Similar in purpose to +expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates+. def expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names) attribute_names.map { |attribute_name| unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attribute_name.to_sym)).nil? aggregate_mapping(aggregation).map do |field_attr, _| field_attr.to_sym end else attribute_name.to_sym end }.flatten end def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names) (expand_attribute_names_for_aggregates(attribute_names) - column_methods_hash.keys).empty? end protected # with_scope lets you apply options to inner block incrementally. It takes a hash and the keys must be # :find or :create. :find parameter is Relation while # :create parameters are an attributes hash. # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.create_with_scope # with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do # find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1 # a = create(1) # a.blog_id # => 1 # end # end # end # # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by the innermost rule, with the exception of # where, includes, and joins operations in Relation, which are merged. # # joins operations are uniqued so multiple scopes can join in the same table without table aliasing # problems. If you need to join multiple tables, but still want one of the tables to be uniqued, use the # array of strings format for your joins. # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.find_with_scope # with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1), :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do # with_scope(:find => limit(10)) do # all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10 # end # with_scope(:find => where(:author_id => 3)) do # all # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1 # end # end # end # end # # You can ignore any previous scopings by using the with_exclusive_scope method. # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.find_with_exclusive_scope # with_scope(:find => where(:blog_id => 1).limit(1)) do # with_exclusive_scope(:find => limit(10)) do # all # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10 # end # end # end # end # # *Note*: the +:find+ scope also has effect on update and deletion methods, like +update_all+ and +delete_all+. def with_scope(scope = {}, action = :merge, &block) # If another Active Record class has been passed in, get its current scope scope = scope.current_scope if !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:current_scope) previous_scope = self.current_scope if scope.is_a?(Hash) # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params). scope = scope.dup scope.each do |method, params| scope[method] = params.dup unless params == true end scope.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ]) relation = construct_finder_arel(scope[:find] || {}) relation.default_scoped = true unless action == :overwrite if previous_scope && previous_scope.create_with_value && scope[:create] scope_for_create = if action == :merge previous_scope.create_with_value.merge(scope[:create]) else scope[:create] end relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) else scope_for_create = scope[:create] scope_for_create ||= previous_scope.create_with_value if previous_scope relation = relation.create_with(scope_for_create) if scope_for_create end scope = relation end scope = previous_scope.merge(scope) if previous_scope && action == :merge self.current_scope = scope begin yield ensure self.current_scope = previous_scope end end # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties. def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block) if method_scoping.values.any? { |e| e.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) } raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG New finder API can not be used with_exclusive_scope. You can either call unscoped to get an anonymous scope not bound to the default_scope: User.unscoped.where(:active => true) Or call unscoped with a block: User.unscoped do User.where(:active => true).all end MSG end with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block) end def current_scope #:nodoc: Thread.current[:"#{self}_current_scope"] end def current_scope=(scope) #:nodoc: Thread.current[:"#{self}_current_scope"] = scope end # Use this macro in your model to set a default scope for all operations on # the model. # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # default_scope where(:published => true) # end # # Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true # # The default_scope is also applied while creating/building a record. It is not # applied while updating a record. # # Article.new.published # => true # Article.create.published # => true # # You can also use default_scope with a block, in order to have it lazily evaluated: # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # default_scope { where(:published_at => Time.now - 1.week) } # end # # (You can also pass any object which responds to call to the default_scope # macro, and it will be called when building the default scope.) # # If you use multiple default_scope declarations in your model then they will # be merged together: # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # default_scope where(:published => true) # default_scope where(:rating => 'G') # end # # Article.all # => SELECT * FROM articles WHERE published = true AND rating = 'G' # # This is also the case with inheritance and module includes where the parent or module # defines a default_scope and the child or including class defines a second one. # # If you need to do more complex things with a default scope, you can alternatively # define it as a class method: # # class Article < ActiveRecord::Base # def self.default_scope # # Should return a scope, you can call 'super' here etc. # end # end def default_scope(scope = {}) scope = Proc.new if block_given? self.default_scopes = default_scopes + [scope] end # The apply_default_scope flag is used to prevent an infinite recursion situation where # a default scope references a scope which has a default scope which references a scope... def build_default_scope #:nodoc: return unless apply_default_scope self.apply_default_scope = false if method(:default_scope).owner != Base.singleton_class default_scope elsif default_scopes.any? default_scopes.inject(relation) do |default_scope, scope| if scope.is_a?(Hash) default_scope.apply_finder_options(scope) elsif !scope.is_a?(Relation) && scope.respond_to?(:call) default_scope.merge(scope.call) else default_scope.merge(scope) end end end ensure self.apply_default_scope = true end # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendants of # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass. def compute_type(type_name) if type_name.match(/^::/) # If the type is prefixed with a scope operator then we assume that # the type_name is an absolute reference. ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(type_name) else # Build a list of candidates to search for candidates = [] name.scan(/::|$/) { candidates.unshift "#{$`}::#{type_name}" } candidates << type_name candidates.each do |candidate| begin constant = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.constantize(candidate) return constant if candidate == constant.to_s rescue NameError => e # We don't want to swallow NoMethodError < NameError errors raise e unless e.instance_of?(NameError) end end raise NameError, "uninitialized constant #{candidates.first}" end end # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord::Base or an # abstract class, if any, in the inheritance hierarchy. def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass) if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class? klass elsif klass.superclass.nil? raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord" else class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass) end end # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes # them into a valid SQL fragment for a WHERE clause. # ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4] returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" # { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 } returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" # "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" def sanitize_sql_for_conditions(condition, table_name = self.table_name) return nil if condition.blank? case condition when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition) when Hash; sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(condition, table_name) else condition end end alias_method :sanitize_sql, :sanitize_sql_for_conditions # Accepts an array, hash, or string of SQL conditions and sanitizes # them into a valid SQL fragment for a SET clause. # { :name => nil, :group_id => 4 } returns "name = NULL , group_id='4'" def sanitize_sql_for_assignment(assignments) case assignments when Array; sanitize_sql_array(assignments) when Hash; sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(assignments) else assignments end end def aggregate_mapping(reflection) mapping = reflection.options[:mapping] || [reflection.name, reflection.name] mapping.first.is_a?(Array) ? mapping : [mapping] end # Accepts a hash of SQL conditions and replaces those attributes # that correspond to a +composed_of+ relationship with their expanded # aggregate attribute values. # Given: # class Person < ActiveRecord::Base # composed_of :address, :class_name => "Address", # :mapping => [%w(address_street street), %w(address_city city)] # end # Then: # { :address => Address.new("813 abc st.", "chicago") } # # => { :address_street => "813 abc st.", :address_city => "chicago" } def expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs) expanded_attrs = {} attrs.each do |attr, value| unless (aggregation = reflect_on_aggregation(attr.to_sym)).nil? mapping = aggregate_mapping(aggregation) mapping.each do |field_attr, aggregate_attr| if mapping.size == 1 && !value.respond_to?(aggregate_attr) expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value else expanded_attrs[field_attr] = value.send(aggregate_attr) end end else expanded_attrs[attr] = value end end expanded_attrs end # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a WHERE clause. # { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 } # # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4" # { :status => nil, :group_id => [1,2,3] } # # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)" # { :age => 13..18 } # # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18" # { 'other_records.id' => 7 } # # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7" # { :other_records => { :id => 7 } } # # => "`other_records`.`id` = 7" # And for value objects on a composed_of relationship: # { :address => Address.new("123 abc st.", "chicago") } # # => "address_street='123 abc st.' and address_city='chicago'" def sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions(attrs, default_table_name = self.table_name) attrs = expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates(attrs) table = Arel::Table.new(table_name).alias(default_table_name) viz = Arel::Visitors.for(arel_engine) PredicateBuilder.build_from_hash(arel_engine, attrs, table).map { |b| viz.accept b }.join(' AND ') end alias_method :sanitize_sql_hash, :sanitize_sql_hash_for_conditions # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions for a SET clause. # { :status => nil, :group_id => 1 } # # => "status = NULL , group_id = 1" def sanitize_sql_hash_for_assignment(attrs) attrs.map do |attr, value| "#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} = #{quote_bound_value(value)}" end.join(', ') end # Accepts an array of conditions. The array has each value # sanitized and interpolated into the SQL statement. # ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4] returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" def sanitize_sql_array(ary) statement, *values = ary if values.first.is_a?(Hash) && statement =~ /:\w+/ replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first) elsif statement.include?('?') replace_bind_variables(statement, values) elsif statement.blank? statement else statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) } end end alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc: raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size) bound = values.dup c = connection statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift, c) } end def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc: statement.gsub(/(:?):([a-zA-Z]\w*)/) do if $1 == ':' # skip postgresql casts $& # return the whole match elsif bind_vars.include?(match = $2.to_sym) quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match]) else raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}" end end end def expand_range_bind_variables(bind_vars) #:nodoc: expanded = [] bind_vars.each do |var| next if var.is_a?(Hash) if var.is_a?(Range) expanded << var.first expanded << var.last else expanded << var end end expanded end def quote_bound_value(value, c = connection) #:nodoc: if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.acts_like?(:string) if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty? c.quote(nil) else value.map { |v| c.quote(v) }.join(',') end else c.quote(value) end end def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc: unless expected == provided raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}" end end def encode_quoted_value(value) #:nodoc: quoted_value = connection.quote(value) quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) " quoted_value end end public # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names). # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table -- # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns. # # +initialize+ respects mass-assignment security and accepts either +:as+ or +:without_protection+ options # in the +options+ parameter. # # ==== Examples # # Instantiates a single new object # User.new(:first_name => 'Jamie') # # # Instantiates a single new object using the :admin mass-assignment security role # User.new({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :as => :admin) # # # Instantiates a single new object bypassing mass-assignment security # User.new({ :first_name => 'Jamie', :is_admin => true }, :without_protection => true) def initialize(attributes = nil, options = {}) @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition @association_cache = {} @aggregation_cache = {} @attributes_cache = {} @new_record = true @readonly = false @destroyed = false @marked_for_destruction = false @previously_changed = {} @changed_attributes = {} ensure_proper_type set_serialized_attributes populate_with_current_scope_attributes assign_attributes(attributes, options) if attributes result = yield self if block_given? run_callbacks :initialize result end # Populate +coder+ with attributes about this record that should be # serialized. The structure of +coder+ defined in this method is # guaranteed to match the structure of +coder+ passed to the +init_with+ # method. # # Example: # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # end # coder = {} # Post.new.encode_with(coder) # coder # => { 'id' => nil, ... } def encode_with(coder) coder['attributes'] = attributes end # Initialize an empty model object from +coder+. +coder+ must contain # the attributes necessary for initializing an empty model object. For # example: # # class Post < ActiveRecord::Base # end # # post = Post.allocate # post.init_with('attributes' => { 'title' => 'hello world' }) # post.title # => 'hello world' def init_with(coder) @attributes = coder['attributes'] set_serialized_attributes @attributes_cache, @previously_changed, @changed_attributes = {}, {}, {} @association_cache = {} @aggregation_cache = {} @readonly = @destroyed = @marked_for_destruction = false @new_record = false run_callbacks :find run_callbacks :initialize self end # Specifies how the record is dumped by +Marshal+. # # +_dump+ emits a marshalled hash which has been passed to +encode_with+. Override this # method if you require more complex marshalling. def _dump(level) dump = {} encode_with(dump) Marshal.dump(dump) end # Returns a String, which Action Pack uses for constructing an URL to this # object. The default implementation returns this record's id as a String, # or nil if this record's unsaved. # # For example, suppose that you have a User model, and that you have a # resources :users route. Normally, +user_path+ will # construct a path with the user object's 'id' in it: # # user = User.find_by_name('Phusion') # user_path(user) # => "/users/1" # # You can override +to_param+ in your model to make +user_path+ construct # a path using the user's name instead of the user's id: # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # def to_param # overridden # name # end # end # # user = User.find_by_name('Phusion') # user_path(user) # => "/users/Phusion" def to_param # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly. id && id.to_s # Be sure to stringify the id for routes end # Returns a cache key that can be used to identify this record. # # ==== Examples # # Product.new.cache_key # => "products/new" # Product.find(5).cache_key # => "products/5" (updated_at not available) # Person.find(5).cache_key # => "people/5-20071224150000" (updated_at available) def cache_key case when new_record? "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/new" when timestamp = self[:updated_at] "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}-#{timestamp.to_s(:number)}" else "#{self.class.model_name.cache_key}/#{id}" end end def quoted_id #:nodoc: quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key)) end # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash def has_attribute?(attr_name) @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s) end # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object. def attribute_names @attributes.keys end # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names). # # If any attributes are protected by either +attr_protected+ or # +attr_accessible+ then only settable attributes will be assigned. # # The +guard_protected_attributes+ argument is now deprecated, use # the +assign_attributes+ method if you want to bypass mass-assignment security. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # attr_protected :is_admin # end # # user = User.new # user.attributes = { :username => 'Phusion', :is_admin => true } # user.username # => "Phusion" # user.is_admin? # => false def attributes=(new_attributes, guard_protected_attributes = nil) unless guard_protected_attributes.nil? message = "the use of 'guard_protected_attributes' will be removed from the next minor release of rails, " + "if you want to bypass mass-assignment security then look into using assign_attributes" ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(message) end return unless new_attributes.is_a?(Hash) if guard_protected_attributes == false assign_attributes(new_attributes, :without_protection => true) else assign_attributes(new_attributes) end end # Allows you to set all the attributes for a particular mass-assignment # security role by passing in a hash of attributes with keys matching # the attribute names (which again matches the column names) and the role # name using the :as option. # # To bypass mass-assignment security you can use the :without_protection => true # option. # # class User < ActiveRecord::Base # attr_accessible :name # attr_accessible :name, :is_admin, :as => :admin # end # # user = User.new # user.assign_attributes({ :name => 'Josh', :is_admin => true }) # user.name # => "Josh" # user.is_admin? # => false # # user = User.new # user.assign_attributes({ :name => 'Josh', :is_admin => true }, :as => :admin) # user.name # => "Josh" # user.is_admin? # => true # # user = User.new # user.assign_attributes({ :name => 'Josh', :is_admin => true }, :without_protection => true) # user.name # => "Josh" # user.is_admin? # => true def assign_attributes(new_attributes, options = {}) return unless new_attributes attributes = new_attributes.stringify_keys role = options[:as] || :default multi_parameter_attributes = [] unless options[:without_protection] attributes = sanitize_for_mass_assignment(attributes, role) end attributes.each do |k, v| if k.include?("(") multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ] elsif respond_to?("#{k}=") send("#{k}=", v) else raise(UnknownAttributeError, "unknown attribute: #{k}") end end assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes) end # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and the values of the attributes as values. def attributes Hash[@attributes.map { |name, _| [name, read_attribute(name)] }] end # Returns an #inspect-like string for the value of the # attribute +attr_name+. String attributes are elided after 50 # characters, and Date and Time attributes are returned in the # :db format. Other attributes return the value of # #inspect without modification. # # person = Person.create!(:name => "David Heinemeier Hansson " * 3) # # person.attribute_for_inspect(:name) # # => '"David Heinemeier Hansson David Heinemeier Hansson D..."' # # person.attribute_for_inspect(:created_at) # # => '"2009-01-12 04:48:57"' def attribute_for_inspect(attr_name) value = read_attribute(attr_name) if value.is_a?(String) && value.length > 50 "#{value[0..50]}...".inspect elsif value.is_a?(Date) || value.is_a?(Time) %("#{value.to_s(:db)}") else value.inspect end end # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings). def attribute_present?(attribute) !_read_attribute(attribute).blank? end # Returns the column object for the named attribute. def column_for_attribute(name) self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s] end # Returns true if +comparison_object+ is the same exact object, or +comparison_object+ # is of the same type and +self+ has an ID and it is equal to +comparison_object.id+. # # Note that new records are different from any other record by definition, unless the # other record is the receiver itself. Besides, if you fetch existing records with # +select+ and leave the ID out, you're on your own, this predicate will return false. # # Note also that destroying a record preserves its ID in the model instance, so deleted # models are still comparable. def ==(comparison_object) comparison_object.equal?(self) || comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) && id.present? && comparison_object.id == id end # Delegates to == def eql?(comparison_object) self == comparison_object end # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like: # [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ] def hash id.hash end # Freeze the attributes hash such that associations are still accessible, even on destroyed records. def freeze @attributes.freeze; self end # Returns +true+ if the attributes hash has been frozen. def frozen? @attributes.frozen? end # Backport dup from 1.9 so that initialize_dup() gets called unless Object.respond_to?(:initialize_dup) def dup # :nodoc: copy = super copy.initialize_dup(self) copy end end # Duped objects have no id assigned and are treated as new records. Note # that this is a "shallow" copy as it copies the object's attributes # only, not its associations. The extent of a "deep" copy is application # specific and is therefore left to the application to implement according # to its need. # The dup method does not preserve the timestamps (created|updated)_(at|on). def initialize_dup(other) cloned_attributes = other.clone_attributes(:read_attribute_before_type_cast) cloned_attributes.delete(self.class.primary_key) @attributes = cloned_attributes _run_after_initialize_callbacks if respond_to?(:_run_after_initialize_callbacks) @changed_attributes = {} attributes_from_column_definition.each do |attr, orig_value| @changed_attributes[attr] = orig_value if field_changed?(attr, orig_value, @attributes[attr]) end @aggregation_cache = {} @association_cache = {} @attributes_cache = {} @new_record = true ensure_proper_type populate_with_current_scope_attributes clear_timestamp_attributes end # Returns +true+ if the record is read only. Records loaded through joins with piggy-back # attributes will be marked as read only since they cannot be saved. def readonly? @readonly end # Marks this record as read only. def readonly! @readonly = true end # Returns the contents of the record as a nicely formatted string. def inspect attributes_as_nice_string = self.class.column_names.collect { |name| if has_attribute?(name) "#{name}: #{attribute_for_inspect(name)}" end }.compact.join(", ") "#<#{self.class} #{attributes_as_nice_string}>" end protected def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {}) attribute_names.each do |name| attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name) end attributes end def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name) value = send(reader_method, attribute_name) value.duplicable? ? value.clone : value rescue TypeError, NoMethodError value end private def set_serialized_attributes (@attributes.keys & self.class.serialized_attributes.keys).each do |key| coder = self.class.serialized_attributes[key] @attributes[key] = coder.load @attributes[key] end end # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the # ActiveRecord::Base descendant. # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord::Base, this makes it possible to # do Reply.new without having to set Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply" yourself. # No such attribute would be set for objects of the Message class in that example. def ensure_proper_type unless self.class.descends_from_active_record? write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, self.class.sti_name) end end # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons. def self.attributes_protected_by_default default = [ primary_key, inheritance_column ] default << 'id' unless primary_key.eql? 'id' default end # Returns a copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in # an Arel insert/update method. def arel_attributes_values(include_primary_key = true, include_readonly_attributes = true, attribute_names = @attributes.keys) attrs = {} klass = self.class arel_table = klass.arel_table attribute_names.each do |name| if (column = column_for_attribute(name)) && (include_primary_key || !column.primary) if include_readonly_attributes || (!include_readonly_attributes && !self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)) value = if coder = klass.serialized_attributes[name] coder.dump @attributes[name] else # FIXME: we need @attributes to be used consistently. # If the values stored in @attributes were already type # casted, this code could be simplified read_attribute(name) end attrs[arel_table[name]] = value end end end attrs end # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements. def quote_value(value, column = nil) self.class.connection.quote(value, column) end # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters. # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, # f for Float, s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute are empty, the # attribute will be set to nil. def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs) execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes( extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs) ) end def instantiate_time_object(name, values) if self.class.send(:create_time_zone_conversion_attribute?, name, column_for_attribute(name)) Time.zone.local(*values) else Time.time_with_datetime_fallback(@@default_timezone, *values) end end def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack) errors = [] callstack.each do |name, values_with_empty_parameters| begin send(name + "=", read_value_from_parameter(name, values_with_empty_parameters)) rescue => ex errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values_with_empty_parameters.values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name) end end unless errors.empty? raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes" end end def read_value_from_parameter(name, values_hash_from_param) klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass if values_hash_from_param.values.all?{|v|v.nil?} nil elsif klass == Time read_time_parameter_value(name, values_hash_from_param) elsif klass == Date read_date_parameter_value(name, values_hash_from_param) else read_other_parameter_value(klass, name, values_hash_from_param) end end def read_time_parameter_value(name, values_hash_from_param) # If Date bits were not provided, error raise "Missing Parameter" if [1,2,3].any?{|position| !values_hash_from_param.has_key?(position)} max_position = extract_max_param_for_multiparameter_attributes(values_hash_from_param, 6) set_values = (1..max_position).collect{|position| values_hash_from_param[position] } # If Date bits were provided but blank, then default to 1 # If Time bits are not there, then default to 0 [1,1,1,0,0,0].each_with_index{|v,i| set_values[i] = set_values[i].blank? ? v : set_values[i]} instantiate_time_object(name, set_values) end def read_date_parameter_value(name, values_hash_from_param) set_values = (1..3).collect{|position| values_hash_from_param[position].blank? ? 1 : values_hash_from_param[position]} begin Date.new(*set_values) rescue ArgumentError => ex # if Date.new raises an exception on an invalid date instantiate_time_object(name, set_values).to_date # we instantiate Time object and convert it back to a date thus using Time's logic in handling invalid dates end end def read_other_parameter_value(klass, name, values_hash_from_param) max_position = extract_max_param_for_multiparameter_attributes(values_hash_from_param) values = (1..max_position).collect do |position| raise "Missing Parameter" if !values_hash_from_param.has_key?(position) values_hash_from_param[position] end klass.new(*values) end def extract_max_param_for_multiparameter_attributes(values_hash_from_param, upper_cap = 100) [values_hash_from_param.keys.max,upper_cap].min end def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs) attributes = { } pairs.each do |pair| multiparameter_name, value = pair attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first attributes[attribute_name] = {} unless attributes.include?(attribute_name) parameter_value = value.empty? ? nil : type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) attributes[attribute_name][find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)] ||= parameter_value end attributes end def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) multiparameter_name =~ /$[0-9]*([if])$/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value end def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name) multiparameter_name.scan(/$([0-9]*).*$/).first.first.to_i end # Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2". def comma_pair_list(hash) hash.map { |k,v| "#{k} = #{v}" }.join(", ") end def quote_columns(quoter, hash) Hash[hash.map { |name, value| [quoter.quote_column_name(name), value] }] end def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash) comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash)) end def convert_number_column_value(value) if value == false 0 elsif value == true 1 elsif value.is_a?(String) && value.blank? nil else value end end def populate_with_current_scope_attributes self.class.scoped.scope_for_create.each do |att,value| respond_to?("#{att}=") && send("#{att}=", value) end end # Clear attributes and changed_attributes def clear_timestamp_attributes all_timestamp_attributes_in_model.each do |attribute_name| self[attribute_name] = nil changed_attributes.delete(attribute_name) end end end Base.class_eval do include ActiveRecord::Persistence extend ActiveModel::Naming extend QueryCache::ClassMethods extend ActiveSupport::Benchmarkable extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker include ActiveModel::Conversion include Validations extend CounterCache include Locking::Optimistic, Locking::Pessimistic include AttributeMethods include AttributeMethods::Read, AttributeMethods::Write, AttributeMethods::BeforeTypeCast, AttributeMethods::Query include AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey include AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion include AttributeMethods::Dirty include ActiveModel::MassAssignmentSecurity include Callbacks, ActiveModel::Observing, Timestamp include Associations, NamedScope include IdentityMap include ActiveModel::SecurePassword # AutosaveAssociation needs to be included before Transactions, because we want # #save_with_autosave_associations to be wrapped inside a transaction. include AutosaveAssociation, NestedAttributes include Aggregations, Transactions, Reflection, Serialization NilClass.add_whiner(self) if NilClass.respond_to?(:add_whiner) # Returns the value of the attribute identified by attr_name after it has been typecast (for example, # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)). # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method). alias [] read_attribute # Updates the attribute identified by attr_name with the specified +value+. # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method). alias []= write_attribute public :[], :[]= end end # TODO: Remove this and make it work with LAZY flag require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter' ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, ActiveRecord::Base)