# SPARQL 1.1 Grammar [1] QueryUnit ::= Query? [2] Query ::= Prologue ( SelectQuery | ConstructQuery | DescribeQuery | AskQuery ) [3] UpdateUnit ::= Update [4] Prologue ::= ( BaseDecl | PrefixDecl )* [5] BaseDecl ::= 'BASE' IRIREF [6] PrefixDecl ::= 'PREFIX' PNAME_NS IRIREF [7] SelectQuery ::= SelectClause DatasetClause* WhereClause SolutionModifier ValuesClause [8] SubSelect ::= SelectClause WhereClause SolutionModifier ValuesClause [9] SelectClause ::= 'SELECT' ( 'DISTINCT' | 'REDUCED' )? ( ( Var | ( '(' Expression 'AS' Var ')' ) )+ | '*' ) [10] ConstructQuery ::= 'CONSTRUCT' ( ConstructTemplate DatasetClause* WhereClause SolutionModifier | DatasetClause* 'WHERE' '{' TriplesTemplate? '}' SolutionModifier ) ValuesClause [11] DescribeQuery ::= 'DESCRIBE' ( VarOrIri+ | '*' ) DatasetClause* WhereClause? SolutionModifier ValuesClause [12] AskQuery ::= 'ASK' DatasetClause* WhereClause ValuesClause [13] DatasetClause ::= 'FROM' ( DefaultGraphClause | NamedGraphClause ) [14] DefaultGraphClause ::= SourceSelector [15] NamedGraphClause ::= 'NAMED' SourceSelector [16] SourceSelector ::= iri [17] WhereClause ::= 'WHERE'? GroupGraphPattern [18] SolutionModifier ::= GroupClause? HavingClause? OrderClause? LimitOffsetClauses? [19] GroupClause ::= 'GROUP' 'BY' GroupCondition+ [20] GroupCondition ::= BuiltInCall | FunctionCall | '(' Expression ( 'AS' Var )? ')' | Var [21] HavingClause ::= 'HAVING' HavingCondition+ [22] HavingCondition ::= Constraint [23] OrderClause ::= 'ORDER' 'BY' OrderCondition+ [24] OrderCondition ::= ( ( 'ASC' | 'DESC' ) BrackettedExpression ) | ( Constraint | Var ) [25] LimitOffsetClauses ::= LimitClause OffsetClause? | OffsetClause LimitClause? [26] LimitClause ::= 'LIMIT' INTEGER [27] OffsetClause ::= 'OFFSET' INTEGER [28] ValuesClause ::= ( 'VALUES' DataBlock )? [29] Update ::= Prologue ( Update1 ( ';' Update )? )? [30] Update1 ::= Load | Clear | Drop | Add | Move | Copy | Create | InsertData | DeleteData | DeleteWhere | Modify [31] Load ::= 'LOAD' 'SILENT'? iri ( 'INTO' GraphRef )? [32] Clear ::= 'CLEAR' 'SILENT'? GraphRefAll [33] Drop ::= 'DROP' 'SILENT'? GraphRefAll [34] Create ::= 'CREATE' 'SILENT'? GraphRef [35] Add ::= 'ADD' 'SILENT'? GraphOrDefault 'TO' GraphOrDefault [36] Move ::= 'MOVE' 'SILENT'? GraphOrDefault 'TO' GraphOrDefault [37] Copy ::= 'COPY' 'SILENT'? GraphOrDefault 'TO' GraphOrDefault [38] InsertData ::= 'INSERT DATA' QuadData [39] DeleteData ::= 'DELETE DATA' QuadData [40] DeleteWhere ::= 'DELETE WHERE' QuadPattern [41] Modify ::= ( 'WITH' iri )? ( DeleteClause InsertClause? | InsertClause ) UsingClause* 'WHERE' GroupGraphPattern [42] DeleteClause ::= 'DELETE' QuadPattern [43] InsertClause ::= 'INSERT' QuadPattern [44] UsingClause ::= 'USING' ( iri | 'NAMED' iri ) [45] GraphOrDefault ::= 'DEFAULT' | 'GRAPH'? iri [46] GraphRef ::= 'GRAPH' iri [47] GraphRefAll ::= GraphRef | 'DEFAULT' | 'NAMED' | 'ALL' [48] QuadPattern ::= '{' Quads '}' [49] QuadData ::= '{' Quads '}' [50] Quads ::= TriplesTemplate? ( QuadsNotTriples '.'? TriplesTemplate? )* [51] QuadsNotTriples ::= 'GRAPH' VarOrIri '{' TriplesTemplate? '}' [52] TriplesTemplate ::= TriplesSameSubject ( '.' TriplesTemplate? )? [53] GroupGraphPattern ::= '{' ( SubSelect | GroupGraphPatternSub ) '}' [54] GroupGraphPatternSub ::= TriplesBlock? ( GraphPatternNotTriples '.'? TriplesBlock? )* [55] TriplesBlock ::= TriplesSameSubjectPath ( '.' TriplesBlock? )? [56] GraphPatternNotTriples ::= GroupOrUnionGraphPattern | OptionalGraphPattern | MinusGraphPattern | GraphGraphPattern | ServiceGraphPattern | Filter | Bind | InlineData [57] OptionalGraphPattern ::= 'OPTIONAL' GroupGraphPattern [58] GraphGraphPattern ::= 'GRAPH' VarOrIri GroupGraphPattern [59] ServiceGraphPattern ::= 'SERVICE' 'SILENT'? VarOrIri GroupGraphPattern [60] Bind ::= 'BIND' '(' Expression 'AS' Var ')' [61] InlineData ::= 'VALUES' DataBlock [62] DataBlock ::= InlineDataOneVar | InlineDataFull [63] InlineDataOneVar ::= Var '{' DataBlockValue* '}' [64] InlineDataFull ::= ( NIL | '(' Var* ')' ) '{' ( '(' DataBlockValue* ')' | NIL )* '}' [65] DataBlockValue ::= iri | RDFLiteral | NumericLiteral | BooleanLiteral | 'UNDEF' [66] MinusGraphPattern ::= 'MINUS' GroupGraphPattern [67] GroupOrUnionGraphPattern::= GroupGraphPattern ( 'UNION' GroupGraphPattern )* [68] Filter ::= 'FILTER' Constraint [69] Constraint ::= BrackettedExpression | BuiltInCall | FunctionCall [70] FunctionCall ::= iri ArgList [71] ArgList ::= NIL | '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ( ',' Expression )* ')' [72] ExpressionList ::= NIL | '(' Expression ( ',' Expression )* ')' [73] ConstructTemplate ::= '{' ConstructTriples? '}' [74] ConstructTriples ::= TriplesSameSubject ( '.' ConstructTriples? )? [75] TriplesSameSubject ::= VarOrTerm PropertyListNotEmpty | TriplesNode PropertyList [76] PropertyList ::= PropertyListNotEmpty? [77] PropertyListNotEmpty ::= Verb ObjectList ( ';' ( Verb ObjectList )? )* [78] Verb ::= VarOrIri | 'a' [79] ObjectList ::= Object ( ',' Object )* [80] Object ::= GraphNode [81] TriplesSameSubjectPath ::= VarOrTerm PropertyListNotEmptyPath | TriplesNode PropertyListPath [82] PropertyListPath ::= PropertyListNotEmpty? [83] PropertyListNotEmptyPath::= ( VerbPath | VerbSimple ) ObjectList ( ';' ( ( VerbPath | VerbSimple ) ObjectList )? )* [84] VerbPath ::= Path [85] VerbSimple ::= Var [86] ObjectListPath ::= ObjectPath ( ',' ObjectPath )* [87] ObjectPath ::= GraphNodePath [88] Path ::= PathAlternative [89] PathAlternative ::= PathSequence ( '|' PathSequence )* [90] PathSequence ::= PathEltOrInverse ( '/' PathEltOrInverse )* [91] PathElt ::= PathPrimary PathMod? [92] PathEltOrInverse ::= PathElt | '^' PathElt [93] PathMod ::= '*' | '?' | '+' | '{' ( Integer ( ',' ( '}' | Integer '}' ) | '}' ) | ',' Integer '}' ) [94] PathPrimary ::= iri | 'a' | '!' PathNegatedPropertySet | '(' Path ')' [95] PathNegatedPropertySet ::= PathOneInPropertySet | '(' ( PathOneInPropertySet ( '|' PathOneInPropertySet )* )? ')' [96] PathOneInPropertySet ::= iri | 'a' | '^' ( iri | 'a' ) [97] Integer ::= INTEGER [98] TriplesNode ::= Collection | BlankNodePropertyList [99] BlankNodePropertyList ::= '[' PropertyListNotEmpty ']' [100] TriplesNodePath ::= CollectionPath | BlankNodePropertyListPath [101] BlankNodePropertyListPath::= '[' PropertyListPathNotEmpty ']' [102] Collection ::= '(' GraphNode+ ')' [103] CollectionPath ::= '(' GraphNodePath+ ')' [104] GraphNode ::= VarOrTerm | TriplesNode [105] GraphNodePath ::= VarOrTerm | TriplesNodePath [106] VarOrTerm ::= Var | GraphTerm [107] VarOrIri ::= Var | iri [108] Var ::= VAR1 | VAR2 [109] GraphTerm ::= iri | RDFLiteral | NumericLiteral | BooleanLiteral | BlankNode | NIL [110] Expression ::= ConditionalOrExpression [111] ConditionalOrExpression ::= ConditionalAndExpression ( '||' ConditionalAndExpression )* [112] ConditionalAndExpression::= ValueLogical ( '&&' ValueLogical )* [113] ValueLogical ::= RelationalExpression [114] RelationalExpression ::= NumericExpression ( '=' NumericExpression | '!=' NumericExpression | '<' NumericExpression | '>' NumericExpression | '<=' NumericExpression | '>=' NumericExpression | 'IN' ExpressionList | 'NOT' 'IN' ExpressionList )? [115] NumericExpression ::= AdditiveExpression [116] AdditiveExpression ::= MultiplicativeExpression ( '+' MultiplicativeExpression | '-' MultiplicativeExpression | ( NumericLiteralPositive | NumericLiteralNegative ) ( ( '*' UnaryExpression ) | ( '/' UnaryExpression ) )? )* [117] MultiplicativeExpression::= UnaryExpression ( '*' UnaryExpression | '/' UnaryExpression )* [118] UnaryExpression ::= '!' PrimaryExpression | '+' PrimaryExpression | '-' PrimaryExpression | PrimaryExpression [119] PrimaryExpression ::= BrackettedExpression | BuiltInCall | iriOrFunction | RDFLiteral | NumericLiteral | BooleanLiteral | Var [120] BrackettedExpression ::= '(' Expression ')' [121] BuiltInCall ::= Aggregate | 'STR' '(' Expression ')' | 'LANG' '(' Expression ')' | 'LANGMATCHES' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'DATATYPE' '(' Expression ')' | 'BOUND' '(' Var ')' | 'IRI' '(' Expression ')' | 'URI' '(' Expression ')' | 'BNODE' ( '(' Expression ')' | NIL ) | 'RAND' NIL | 'ABS' '(' Expression ')' | 'CEIL' '(' Expression ')' | 'FLOOR' '(' Expression ')' | 'ROUND' '(' Expression ')' | 'CONCAT' ExpressionList | SubstringExpression | 'STRLEN' '(' Expression ')' | StrReplaceExpression | 'UCASE' '(' Expression ')' | 'LCASE' '(' Expression ')' | 'ENCODE_FOR_URI' '(' Expression ')' | 'CONTAINS' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRSTARTS' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRENDS' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRBEFORE' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRAFTER' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'YEAR' '(' Expression ')' | 'MONTH' '(' Expression ')' | 'DAY' '(' Expression ')' | 'HOURS' '(' Expression ')' | 'MINUTES' '(' Expression ')' | 'SECONDS' '(' Expression ')' | 'TIMEZONE' '(' Expression ')' | 'TZ' '(' Expression ')' | 'NOW' NIL | 'UUID' NIL | 'STRUUID' NIL | 'MD5' '(' Expression ')' | 'SHA1' '(' Expression ')' | 'SHA224' '(' Expression ')' | 'SHA256' '(' Expression ')' | 'SHA384' '(' Expression ')' | 'SHA512' '(' Expression ')' | 'COALESCE' ExpressionList | 'IF' '(' Expression ',' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRLANG' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'STRDT' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'sameTerm' '(' Expression ',' Expression ')' | 'isIRI' '(' Expression ')' | 'isURI' '(' Expression ')' | 'isBLANK' '(' Expression ')' | 'isLITERAL' '(' Expression ')' | 'isNUMERIC' '(' Expression ')' | RegexExpression | ExistsFunc | NotExistsFunc [122] RegexExpression ::= 'REGEX' '(' Expression ',' Expression ( ',' Expression )? ')' [123] SubstringExpression ::= 'SUBSTR' '(' Expression ',' Expression ( ',' Expression )? ')' [124] StrReplaceExpression ::= 'REPLACE' '(' Expression ',' Expression ',' Expression ( ',' Expression )? ')' [125] ExistsFunc ::= 'EXISTS' GroupGraphPattern [126] NotExistsFunc ::= 'NOT' 'EXISTS' GroupGraphPattern [127] Aggregate ::= 'COUNT' '(' 'DISTINCT'? ( '*' | Expression ) ')' | 'SUM' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ')' | 'MIN' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ')' | 'MAX' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ')' | 'AVG' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ')' | 'SAMPLE' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ')' | 'GROUP_CONCAT' '(' 'DISTINCT'? Expression ( ';' 'SEPARATOR' '=' String )? ')' [128] iriOrFunction ::= iri ArgList? [129] RDFLiteral ::= String ( LANGTAG | ( '^^' iri ) )? [130] NumericLiteral ::= NumericLiteralUnsigned | NumericLiteralPositive | NumericLiteralNegative [131] NumericLiteralUnsigned ::= INTEGER | DECIMAL | DOUBLE [132] NumericLiteralPositive ::= INTEGER_POSITIVE | DECIMAL_POSITIVE | DOUBLE_POSITIVE [133] NumericLiteralNegative ::= INTEGER_NEGATIVE | DECIMAL_NEGATIVE | DOUBLE_NEGATIVE [134] BooleanLiteral ::= 'true' | 'false' [135] String ::= STRING_LITERAL1 | STRING_LITERAL2 | STRING_LITERAL_LONG1 | STRING_LITERAL_LONG2 [136] iri ::= IRIREF | PrefixedName [137] PrefixedName ::= PNAME_LN | PNAME_NS [138] BlankNode ::= BLANK_NODE_LABEL | ANON @terminals [139] IRIREF ::= '<' ([^<>"{}|^`\]-[#x00-#x20])* '>' [140] PNAME_NS ::= PN_PREFIX? ':' [141] PNAME_LN ::= PNAME_NS PN_LOCAL [142] BLANK_NODE_LABEL ::= '_:' ( PN_CHARS_U | [0-9] ) ((PN_CHARS|'.')* PN_CHARS)? [143] VAR1 ::= '?' VARNAME [144] VAR2 ::= '$' VARNAME [145] LANGTAG ::= '@' ([a-zA-Z])+ ('-' ([a-zA-Z0-9])+)* [146] INTEGER ::= [0-9]+ [147] DECIMAL ::= [0-9]* '.' [0-9]+ [148] DOUBLE ::= [0-9]+ '.' [0-9]* EXPONENT | '.' ([0-9])+ EXPONENT | ([0-9])+ EXPONENT [149] INTEGER_POSITIVE ::= '+' INTEGER [150] DECIMAL_POSITIVE ::= '+' DECIMAL [151] DOUBLE_POSITIVE ::= '+' DOUBLE [152] INTEGER_NEGATIVE ::= '-' INTEGER [153] DECIMAL_NEGATIVE ::= '-' DECIMAL [154] DOUBLE_NEGATIVE ::= '-' DOUBLE [155] EXPONENT ::= [eE] [+-]? [0-9]+ [156] STRING_LITERAL1 ::= "'" ( ([^#x27#x5C#xA#xD]) | ECHAR )* "'" [157] STRING_LITERAL2 ::= '"' ( ([^#x22#x5C#xA#xD]) | ECHAR )* '"' [158] STRING_LITERAL_LONG1 ::= "'''" ( ( "'" | "''" )? ( [^'\] | ECHAR ) )* "'''" [159] STRING_LITERAL_LONG2 ::= '"""' ( ( '"' | '""' )? ( [^"\] | ECHAR ) )* '"""' [160] ECHAR ::= '\' [tbnrf\"'] [161] NIL ::= '(' WS* ')' [162] WS ::= #x20 | #x9 | #xD | #xA [163] ANON ::= '[' WS* ']' [164] PN_CHARS_BASE ::= [A-Za-z] | [#x00C0-#x00D6] | [#x00D8-#x00F6] | [#x00F8-#x02FF] | [#x0370-#x037D] | [#x037F-#x1FFF] | [#x200C-#x200D] | [#x2070-#x218F] | [#x2C00-#x2FEF] | [#x3001-#xD7FF] | [#xF900-#xFDCF] | [#xFDF0-#xFFFD] | [#x10000-#xEFFFF] [165] PN_CHARS_U ::= PN_CHARS_BASE | '_' [166] VARNAME ::= ( PN_CHARS_U | [0-9] ) ( PN_CHARS_U | [0-9] | #x00B7 | [#x0300-#x036F] | [#x203F-#x2040] )* [167] PN_CHARS ::= PN_CHARS_U | '-' | [0-9] | #x00B7 | [#x0300-#x036F] | [#x203F-#x2040] [168] PN_PREFIX ::= PN_CHARS_BASE ((PN_CHARS|'.')* PN_CHARS)? [169] PN_LOCAL ::= ( PN_CHARS_U | [0-9] ) ((PN_CHARS|'.')* PN_CHARS)? [170] PLX ::= PERCENT | PN_LOCAL_ESC [171] PERCENT ::= '%' HEX HEX [172] HEX ::= [0-9A-Fa-f] [173] PN_LOCAL_ESC ::= '\' ( '_' | '~' | '.' | '-' | '!' | '$' | '&' | "'" | '(' | ')' | '*' | '+' | ',' | ';' | '=' | '/' | '?' | '#' | '@' | '%' )