//! Functions for interoperability with rb-sys.
//!
//! These functions are provided to interface with the lower-level Ruby
//! bindings provided by [rb-sys](rb_sys). You may want to use rb-sys when:
//!
//! 1. Magnus does not provide access to a Ruby API because the API can not be
//!    made safe & ergonomic.
//! 2. Magnus exposed the API in a way that does not work for your use case.
//! 3. The API just hasn't been implemented yet.
//!
//! Even if you are not in a position to contribute code to Magnus, please
//! [open an issue](https://github.com/matsadler/magnus/issues) outlining your
//! use case and the APIs you need whenever you find yourself reaching for this
//! module.
//!
//! # Stability
//!
//! Functions in this module are considered unstable. While there is no plan
//! to alter or remove them, non-backwards compatible changes in this module
//! will not necessarily be considered as SemVer major changes.
//!
//! # Safety
//!
//! The unsafe functions in this module are capable of producing values that
//! break the saftey guarantees of almost every other function in Magnus. Use
//! them with care.
use std::panic::UnwindSafe;

use rb_sys::{ID, VALUE};

use crate::{
    error::{self, raise, Error},
    value::{Id, ReprValue, Value},
};

/// Converts from a [`Value`] to a raw [`VALUE`].
pub trait AsRawValue {
    /// Convert [`magnus::Value`](Value) to [`rb_sys::VALUE`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use magnus::{
    ///     rb_sys::{protect, AsRawValue},
    ///     Error, Ruby,
    /// };
    ///
    /// fn example(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
    ///     let foo = ruby.str_new("foo");
    ///     let bar = ruby.str_new("bar");
    ///
    ///     protect(|| unsafe { rb_sys::rb_str_buf_append(foo.as_raw(), bar.as_raw()) })?;
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(foo.to_string()?, "foobar");
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// # Ruby::init(example).unwrap()
    /// ```
    fn as_raw(self) -> VALUE;
}

/// Converts from a raw [`VALUE`] to a [`Value`].
pub trait FromRawValue {
    /// Convert [`rb_sys::VALUE`] to [`magnus::Value`](Value).
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// You must only supply a valid [`VALUE`] obtained from [rb-sys](rb_sys)
    /// to this function. Using a invalid [`Value`] produced from this
    /// function will void all saftey guarantees provided by Magnus.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # let _cleanup = unsafe { magnus::embed::init() };
    ///
    /// use magnus::{rb_sys::FromRawValue, Value};
    ///
    /// let raw_value = unsafe { rb_sys::rb_str_new("foo".as_ptr() as *mut _, 3) };
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(unsafe { Value::from_raw(raw_value) }.to_string(), "foo");
    /// ```
    unsafe fn from_raw(value: VALUE) -> Self;
}

impl<T> AsRawValue for T
where
    T: ReprValue,
{
    fn as_raw(self) -> VALUE {
        self.as_rb_value()
    }
}

impl FromRawValue for Value {
    unsafe fn from_raw(val: VALUE) -> Value {
        Value::new(val)
    }
}

/// Trait to convert a [`Id`] to a raw [`ID`].
pub trait AsRawId {
    /// Convert [`magnus::value::Id`](Id) to [`rb_sys::ID`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use magnus::{
    ///     prelude::*,
    ///     rb_sys::{AsRawId, FromRawId},
    ///     value::Id,
    ///     Error, Ruby, Symbol,
    /// };
    ///
    /// fn example(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
    ///     let foo: Id = ruby.to_symbol("foo").into();
    ///     let raw = foo.as_raw();
    ///     let from_raw_val: Symbol = unsafe { Id::from_raw(raw) }.into();
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(from_raw_val.inspect(), ":foo");
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// # Ruby::init(example).unwrap()
    /// ```
    fn as_raw(self) -> ID;
}

/// Trait to convert from a raw [`ID`] to an [`Id`].
pub trait FromRawId {
    /// Convert [`rb_sys::ID`] to [`magnus::value::Id`](Id).
    ///
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// You must only supply a valid, non-zero [`ID`] obtained from
    /// [rb-sys](rb_sys) to this function. Using a invalid [`Id`] produced
    /// from this function will void all saftey guarantees provided by
    /// Magnus.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use magnus::{
    ///     prelude::*,
    ///     rb_sys::{AsRawId, FromRawId},
    ///     value::Id,
    ///     Error, Ruby, Symbol,
    /// };
    ///
    /// fn example(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
    ///     let foo: Id = ruby.to_symbol("foo").into();
    ///     let from_raw_val: Symbol = unsafe { Id::from_raw(foo.as_raw()) }.into();
    ///
    ///     assert_eq!(from_raw_val.inspect(), ":foo");
    ///
    ///     Ok(())
    /// }
    /// # Ruby::init(example).unwrap()
    /// ```
    unsafe fn from_raw(id: ID) -> Self;
}

impl AsRawId for Id {
    fn as_raw(self) -> ID {
        self.as_rb_id()
    }
}

impl FromRawId for Id {
    unsafe fn from_raw(id: ID) -> Id {
        Id::from_rb_id(id.into())
    }
}

/// Calls the given closure, catching all cases of unwinding from Ruby
/// returning them as an [`Error`].
///
/// The most common will be exceptions, but this will also catch `throw`,
/// `break`, `next`, `return` from a block, etc.
///
/// All functions exposed by Magnus that call Ruby in a way that may unwind
/// already use this internally, this should only be required to wrap functions
/// from [rb-sys](rb_sys).
pub fn protect<F>(func: F) -> Result<VALUE, Error>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> VALUE,
{
    error::protect(|| Value::new(func())).map(|v| v.as_rb_value())
}

/// Attempts to catch cases of Rust unwinding, converting to a fatal [`Error`].
///
/// This should not be used to catch and discard panics.
///
/// This function can be used to ensure Rust panics do not cross over to Ruby.
/// This will convert a panic to a Ruby fatal [`Error`] that can then be used
/// to safely terminate Ruby.
///
/// All functions exposed by Magnus that allow Ruby to call Rust code already
/// use this internally, this should only be required to wrap
/// functions/closures given directly to [rb-sys](rb_sys).
pub fn catch_unwind<F, T>(func: F) -> Result<T, Error>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> T + UnwindSafe,
{
    std::panic::catch_unwind(func).map_err(Error::from_panic)
}

/// Resumes an [`Error`] previously caught by [`protect`].
///
/// All functions exposed by Magnus where it is safe to resume an error use
/// this internally to automatically convert returned errors to raised
/// exceptions. This should only be required to in functions/closures given
/// directly to [rb-sys](rb_sys).
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Beware this function does not return and breaks the normal assumption that
/// Rust code does not unwind during normal behaviour. This can break
/// invariants in code that assumes unwinding only happens during terminating
/// panics.
///
/// If possible, only call this at the very end of a function/closure that is
/// directly called by Ruby, not other Rust code, and ensure all other values
/// in scope have been dropped before calling this function.
pub unsafe fn resume_error(e: Error) -> ! {
    raise(e)
}