# frozen_string_literal: true require_relative '../../spec_helper' # Use the RSpec framework require_relative '../../../lib/zenlish/lex/literal' require_relative '../support/minimal_lexicon' require_relative '../../../lib/zenlish/parser/zparser' # Load the class under test module Zenlish module Parser describe ZParser do subject { ZParser.new } context 'Initialization:' do it 'should be initialized without argument' do expect { ZParser.new }.not_to raise_error end end # context def get_lexeme(aLemma, aWordClass = nil) Zenlish::Lang::Dictionary.get_lexeme(aLemma, aWordClass) end def self.literal2var(aLemma, aLiteral, aSuffix = '') mth_name = aLiteral.downcase + aSuffix define_method(mth_name.to_sym) do Lex::Literal.new(aLiteral, get_lexeme(aLemma), 0) end end # In absence of a POS tagger/lemmatizer, we map input words # to variables that themselves return Literal objects. # For instance, next line will create a variable called 'alive' literal2var('a', 'a', '_as_art') literal2var('a', 'an') literal2var('about', 'about') literal2var('above', 'above') def after_adverb ; Lex::Literal.new('after', get_lexeme('after', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end def after_ ; Lex::Literal.new('after', get_lexeme('after', WClasses::SubordinatingConjunction), 0) ; end literal2var('alive', 'alive') literal2var('all', 'all') def am ; Lex::Literal.new('am', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end literal2var('and', 'and', '_') literal2var('another', 'another') def are ; Lex::Literal.new('are', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end literal2var('as', 'as') literal2var('at', 'at') literal2var('bad', 'bad') def be_ ; Lex::Literal.new('be', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end literal2var('because', 'because') def before_adverb ; Lex::Literal.new('before', get_lexeme('before', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end def before ; Lex::Literal.new('before', get_lexeme('before', WClasses::SubordinatingConjunction), 0) ; end literal2var('belong', 'belong') literal2var('belong', 'belongs') literal2var('below', 'below') literal2var('big', 'big') literal2var('big', 'bigger') literal2var('body', 'body') literal2var('can', 'can') def did ; Lex::Literal.new('did', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end literal2var('die', 'died') literal2var('die', 'dies') def do_ ; Lex::Literal.new('do', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end def do_aux ; Lex::Literal.new('do', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::AuxiliaryDo), 0) ; end def does ; Lex::Literal.new('does', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::IrregularVerbDo), 0) ; end def does_aux ; Lex::Literal.new('does', get_lexeme('do', WClasses::AuxiliaryDo), 0) ; end literal2var('false', 'false', '_') literal2var('far', 'far') literal2var('far from', 'far_from') literal2var('feel', 'feel') literal2var('feel', 'feels') literal2var('feel', 'felt') literal2var('for', 'for', '_') literal2var('from', 'from') literal2var('good', 'good') literal2var('happen', 'happen') literal2var('happen', 'happened') literal2var('happen', 'happening') literal2var('happen', 'happens') literal2var('have', 'has') literal2var('have', 'have') literal2var('hear', 'heard') literal2var('hear', 'hears') def here ; Lex::Literal.new('here', get_lexeme('here', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end def here_as_noun ; Lex::Literal.new('here', get_lexeme('here', WClasses::CommonNoun), 0) ; end def i_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('I', get_lexeme('I'), 0) ; end literal2var('if', 'if', '_') literal2var('in', 'in', '_') literal2var('inside', 'inside') literal2var('it', 'it', '_') literal2var('its', 'its') literal2var('J', 'j', '_') def is ; Lex::Literal.new('is', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end def is_aux ; Lex::Literal.new('is', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::AuxiliaryBe), 0) ; end literal2var('K', 'k', '_') literal2var('kind', 'kind') literal2var('know', 'knew') literal2var('know', 'know') literal2var('know', 'knows') literal2var('like', 'like') literal2var('Lisa', 'Lisa') literal2var('live', 'lived') literal2var('living', 'living') literal2var('long', 'long') literal2var('many', 'many') literal2var('maybe', 'maybe') literal2var('me', 'me') literal2var('moment', 'moment') def more ; Lex::Literal.new('more', get_lexeme('more', WClasses::Adjective), 0) ; end def more_as_adverb ; Lex::Literal.new('more', get_lexeme('more', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end literal2var('move', 'move') literal2var('move', 'moved') literal2var('move', 'moving') literal2var('move', 'moves') literal2var('much', 'much') literal2var('my', 'my') literal2var('near', 'near') literal2var('near to', 'near_to') literal2var('not', 'not', '_') def now ; Lex::Literal.new('now', get_lexeme('now', WClasses::Adverb), 0) ; end def now_as_noun ; Lex::Literal.new('now', get_lexeme('now', WClasses::CommonNoun), 0) ; end literal2var('of', 'of') literal2var('on', 'on') def one ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::Cardinal), 0) ; end def one_as_adj ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::Adjective), 0) ; end def one_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('one', get_lexeme('one', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end literal2var('or', 'or', '_') literal2var('other', 'other') literal2var('part', 'part') literal2var('part', 'parts') literal2var('people', 'people') literal2var('person', 'person') literal2var('place', 'place') literal2var('same', 'same') literal2var('see', 'saw') literal2var('short', 'short') literal2var('side', 'side') literal2var('small', 'small') literal2var('small', 'smaller') literal2var('some', 'some') literal2var('say', 'said') literal2var('say', 'says') literal2var('see', 'see') literal2var('see', 'sees') literal2var('someone', 'someone') literal2var('something', 'something') literal2var('the', 'the') literal2var('their', 'their') literal2var('them', 'them') literal2var('then', 'then', '_') literal2var('they', 'they') literal2var('than', 'than') literal2var('that', 'that') literal2var('there', 'there') literal2var('thing', 'thing') literal2var('thing', 'things') literal2var('think', 'think') literal2var('think', 'thinking') literal2var('think', 'thinks') def these ; Lex::Literal.new('these', get_lexeme('this', WClasses::DemonstrativeDeterminer), 0) ; end def these_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('these', get_lexeme('this', WClasses::DemonstrativePronoun), 0) ; end def this ; Lex::Literal.new('this', get_lexeme('this', WClasses::DemonstrativeDeterminer), 0) ; end def this_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('this', get_lexeme('this', WClasses::DemonstrativePronoun), 0) ; end literal2var('this one', 'this_one') literal2var('time', 'time') literal2var('to', 'to') literal2var('Tony', 'Tony') literal2var('touch', 'touch') literal2var('touch', 'touched') literal2var('touch', 'touching') literal2var('true', 'true', '_') def two ; Lex::Literal.new('two', get_lexeme('two', WClasses::Cardinal), 0) ; end def two_as_pronoun ; Lex::Literal.new('two', get_lexeme('two', WClasses::IndefinitePronoun), 0) ; end literal2var('very', 'very') literal2var('want', 'want') literal2var('want', 'wants') def was ; Lex::Literal.new('was', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end def were ; Lex::Literal.new('were', get_lexeme('be', WClasses::IrregularVerbBe), 0) ; end literal2var('what', 'what') literal2var('when', 'when', '_') literal2var('who', 'who') literal2var('with', 'with') literal2var('word', 'words') def x_as_noun ; Lex::Literal.new('X', get_lexeme('X'), 0) ; end literal2var('you', 'you') literal2var('you', 'your') def colon ; Lex::Literal.new(':', get_lexeme(':'), 0) ; end def comma ; Lex::Literal.new(',', get_lexeme(','), 0) ; end def dot ; Lex::Literal.new('.', get_lexeme('.'), 0) ; end def quote ; Lex::Literal.new('"', get_lexeme('"'), 0) ; end class ZProxy attr_reader :literal def initialize(aTarget) @literal = aTarget end def method_missing(name, *args, &aBlock) puts "#{literal.lexeme} about to receive #{name}" $stdout.flush literal.send(name, *args, &aBlock) end end context 'Producing parse tree or forest:' do it 'should produce trees (for non ambiguous input)' do # OK, non-ambiguous sentence: "Lisa sees Tony." literals = [lisa, sees, tony, dot] result_type = Rley::PTree::ParseTree expect(subject.to_ptree(literals)).to be_kind_of(result_type) end it 'should produce forest' do # Sentence: "Lisa sees Tony." literals = [lisa, sees, tony, dot] result_type = Rley::SPPF::ParseForest expect(subject.to_pforest(literals)).to be_kind_of(result_type) end end # context context 'Parsing lessons:' do it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-A' do # Sentence 1-01: "Tony sees Lisa." # in absence of a tokenizer, we create a sequence of literals by hand... # prox_tony = ZProxy.new(tony) literals = [tony, sees, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-02a: "Tony sees something." sentence_literals = [tony, sees, something, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-02b: "Lisa sees something." sentence_literals = [lisa, sees, something, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-03: "Tony sees this thing." sentence_literals = [tony, sees, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-04: "Lisa sees the other thing." sentence_literals = [lisa, sees, the, other, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(sentence_literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-B' do # Sentence 1-05a: "Lisa sees the same thing." literals = [lisa, sees, the, same, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-05b: "Lisa sees the same thing as Tony sees." literals = [lisa, sees, the, same, thing, as, tony, sees, dot] # same is an adjective of equality comparison # as is part of same ... as combination # it introduces a comparative clause expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-06: "Tony sees one thing." literals = [tony, sees, one, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-07: "Lisa sees two things." literals = [lisa, sees, two, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-08a: "Tony sees one person." literals = [tony, sees, one, person, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-08b: "Lisa sees two people." literals = [lisa, sees, two, people, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-05b: "Tony sees the same person as Lisa sees." literals = [tony, sees, the, same, person, as, lisa, sees, dot] # same is an adjective of equality comparison # as is part of same ... as combination # it introduces a comparative clause expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-C' do # Sentence 1-09a: "Tony sees many things." literals = [tony, sees, many, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-09b: "Lisa sees many people." literals = [lisa, sees, many, people, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-10: "Tony is inside this thing." literals = [tony, is, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-11: "Lisa is not inside this thing." literals = [lisa, is, not_, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence: "Lisa does not see people inside the other thing." literals = [lisa, does_aux, not_, see, people, inside, the, other, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse... expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-D' do # Sentence 1-12a: "Some of these people are inside this thing." literals = [some, of, these, people, are, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-12b: "Some of these people are not inside this thing." literals = [some, of, these, people, are, not_, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-13: "All of these people are inside this thing." literals = [all, of, these, people, are, not_, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-14a: "There are two people inside one of these things." literals = [there, are, two, people, inside, one, of, these, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-14b: "There are not people inside the other thing." literals = [there, are, not_, people, inside, the, other, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-15a: "There are many people inside this thing." literals = [there, are, many, people, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-15b: "There are more people inside this thing." literals = [there, are, more, people, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-15c: "There are more people inside the other thing # than there are inside this thing." literals = [there, are, more, people, inside, the, other, thing, than, there, are, inside, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-E' do # Sentence 1-16a: "Two of these things are alive." literals = [two, of, these, things, are, alive, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-16b: "One of these things is not alive." literals = [one, of, these, things, is, not_, alive, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-17a: "Tony sees some living things." literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-17b: "Two of these things are big." literals = [two, of, these, things, are, big, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-17c: "One of these things is not big." literals = [one, of, these, things, is, not_, big, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-18a: "Tony sees some living things." literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-18b: "One of these is big." literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, big, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-18c: "Two of these are small." literals = [two, of, these_as_pronoun, are, small, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-19a: "Tony sees one living thing." literals = [tony, sees, one, living, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-19b: "This one is very big." literals = [this_one, is, very, big, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence: "This thing is bigger than the other thing." literals = [this, thing, is, bigger, than, the, other, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence: "This thing is smaller than the other thing." literals = [this, thing, is, smaller, than, the, other, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-F' do # Sentence 1-20a: "Tony sees some living things." literals = [tony, sees, some, living, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-20b: "Two of these are the same kind of living thing." literals = [these_as_pronoun, are, the, same, kind, of, living, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-20c: "One of these is not the same kind as the other two." literals = [one, of, these_as_pronoun, is, not_, the, same, kind, as, the, other, two_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-21a: "There is one person inside this thing." literals = [there, is, one, person, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-21b: "If Tony is not inside this thing, then another person is inside." literals = [if_, tony, is, not_, inside, this, thing, comma, then_, another, person, is, inside, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-22a: "Tony is touching something." literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-22b: "Lisa is touching Tony." literals = [lisa, is_aux, touching, tony, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-23a: "Tony is far from Lisa." literals = [tony, is, far, from, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-23b: "Lisa is far from Tony." literals = [lisa, is, far, from, tony, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-23c: "Tony is not far from Lisa." literals = [tony, is, far, from, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-24: "Tony is near to Lisa." literals = [tony, is, near_to, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-G' do # Sentence 1-25a: "Lisa is in this place." literals = [lisa, is, in_, this, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-25b: "There are two other things in this place." literals = [there, are, two, other, things, in_, this, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-25c: "Lisa is in the same place as these two other things." literals = [lisa, is, in_, the, same, place, as, these, two, other, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-25d: "Tony is not in this place." literals = [tony, is, not_, in_, this, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-25e: "Tony is in another place." literals = [tony, is, in_, another, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-26a: "Lisa is inside this thing." literals = [lisa, is, inside, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-26b: "Tony is above this thing." literals = [tony, is, above, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-26c: "Tony is above lisa." literals = [tony, is, above, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-27a: "Tony is on one side of this thing." literals = [tony, is, on, one, side, of, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-27b: "Lisa is on the other side." literals = [lisa, is, on, the, other, side, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-27c: "Tony is touching one side of this thing." literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, one, side, of, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 1-H' do # Sentence 1-28: "Tony hears something." literals = [tony, hears, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-29a: "Tony says something." literals = [tony, says, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-29b: "Tony says something to Lisa." literals = [tony, says, something, to, lisa, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-29c: "Tony says something about this living thing." literals = [tony, says, something, about, this, living, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-29d: 'Tony says: "This living thing is small."' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, this, living, thing, is, small, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-30a: "Tony says some words." literals = [tony, says, some, words, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-30b: "Lisa says more words." literals = [lisa, says, more, words, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-31a: 'Tony says: "There are two people inside this thing."' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, there, are, two, people, inside, this, thing, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-31b: 'Lisa says: "There is one person inside this thing."' literals = [lisa, says, colon, quote, there, is, one, person, inside, this, thing, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-31c: "What Tony says is not true." literals = [what, tony, says, is, not_, true_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 1-31d: "What Lisa says is true." literals = [what, lisa, says, is, true_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-A' do # Sentence 2-01a: "This thing is like two of the other things." literals = [this, thing, is, like, two, of, the, other, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-01b: "One of these things is not like the other things." literals = [one, of, these, things, is, not_, like, the, other, things, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-02a: "Lisa has something." literals = [lisa, has, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-02b: "Tony has another thing." literals = [tony, has, another, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-02c: "Lisa does not have the same kind of thing as Tony has." literals = [lisa, does_aux, not_, have, the, same, kind, of, thing, as, tony, has, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-03a: "Lisa is touching part of this thing." literals = [lisa, is_aux, touching, part, of, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-03b: "Tony is touching the other part." literals = [tony, is_aux, touching, the, other, part, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-Ax: "What Tony has is like what Lisa has." literals = [what, tony, has, is, like, what, lisa, has, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-B' do # Sentence 2-04a: "Lisa does something." literals = [lisa, does, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-04b: "Lisa does something with this thing." literals = [lisa, does, something, with, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-04c: "Lisa does something to Tony." literals = [lisa, does, something, to, tony, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-04d: "Lisa does something to Tony with this thing." literals = [lisa, does, something, to, tony, with, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-05a: "Something happens." literals = [something, happens, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-05b: "Something happens to Lisa." literals = [something, happens, to, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-06a: "Tony does something." literals = [tony, does, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-06b: "Something happens to Lisa because of this." literals = [something, happens, to, lisa, because, of, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-06c: "Something happens to Lisa because Tony does this." literals = [something, happens, to, lisa, because, tony, does, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-06: "Something happens to this living thing." literals = [something, happens, to, this, living, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-C' do # Sentence 2-07a: "Lisa thinks Tony is inside this thing." literals = [lisa, thinks, tony, is, inside, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-07b: "Lisa thinks something about Tony." literals = [lisa, thinks, something, about, tony, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-08a: "Tony knows Lisa is inside this thing, because Tony sees Lisa inside." literals = [tony, knows, lisa, is, inside, this, thing, comma, because, tony, sees, lisa, inside, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-08b: "Tony knows something about Lisa." literals = [tony, knows, something, about, lisa, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-09a: "Tony wants this thing." literals = [tony, wants, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-09b: "Tony wants to have this thing." literals = [tony, wants, to, have, this, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-10a: "Tony wants to do something." literals = [tony, wants, to, do_, something, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-10b: "Lisa wants to do the same thing." literals = [lisa, wants, to, do_, the, same, thing, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-10c: "Tony can do this." literals = [tony, can, do_, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-10d: "This is not something Lisa can do." literals = [this_as_pronoun, is, not_, something, lisa, can, do_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-10e: "Lisa cannot do this." literals = [lisa, can, not_, do_, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-D' do # Sentence 2-11a: "This person does something bad." literals = [this, person, does, something, bad, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-11b: "This person does something bad for Tony." literals = [this, person, does, something, bad, for_, tony, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-12a: "Tony does something good." literals = [tony, does, something, good, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-12b: "Tony does something good for Lisa." literals = [tony, does, something, good, for_, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-13a: "Tony feels something." literals = [tony, feels, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-13b: "This does not feel good for Tony." literals = [this_as_pronoun, does_aux, not_, feel, good, for_, tony, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-13b: "This feels bad for Tony." literals = [this_as_pronoun, feels, bad, for_, tony, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-Dx: "Lisa thinks about something bad happening to this # living thing. Thinking about this feels bad for Lisa." literals = [lisa, thinks, about, something, bad, happening, to, this, living, thing, dot, #thinking, about, this_as_pronoun, feels, bad, #for_, lisa, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-E' do # Sentence 2-14a: "Lisa says something at this time." literals = [lisa, says, something, at, this, time, dot] # Ambiguous parse expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-14b: "Tony is not in this place at this time." literals = [tony, is, not_, in_, this, place, at, this, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-15a: "At one time, Tony does something to this thing." literals = [at, one, time, comma, tony, does, something, to, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-15b: "At another time, Lisa says something." literals = [at, another, time, comma, lisa, says, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-15c: "Tony does something to this thing before Lisa says something." literals = [tony, does, something, to, this, thing, before, lisa, says, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-16a: "Lisa does something for a long time." literals = [lisa, does, something, for_, a_as_art, long, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-17a: "Tony does something for a short time." literals = [tony, does, something, for_, a_as_art, short, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-17a: "Tony does not do this for a long time." literals = [tony, does_aux, not_, do_, this_as_pronoun, for_, a_as_art, long, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-18a: "Lisa sees something move." literals = [lisa, sees, something, move, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-18a: "Lisa moves near to this thing." literals = [lisa, moves, near_to, this, thing, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-E-Xa: "A short time before, Tony was far from Lisa." # Case of a time adverbial adjunct that is put in front position. literals = [a_as_art, short, time, before_adverb, comma, tony, was, far, from, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-E-Xa: "At this time, Tony is near to Lisa" literals = [at, this, time, comma, tony, is, near_to, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-E-Xa: "Tony is near to Lisa because Tony moved" # Case of a time adverbial adjunct that is put in front position. literals = [tony, is, near_to, lisa, because, tony, moved, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-F' do # Sentence 2-19a: 'Tony says: "I did X.".' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, did, x_as_noun, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19a definiendum: 'Tony says: "I did X.".' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, did, x_as_noun, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19a definiens: 'Tony says something about Tony. Tony says: Tony did X.' literals = [tony, says, something, about, tony, dot, tony, says, colon, tony, did, x_as_noun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19a: 'Tony says: "I see Lisa.".' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, see, lisa, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19b definiendum: 'Lisa says: "X happened to me.".' literals = [lisa, says, colon, quote, x_as_noun, happened, to, me, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19b definiens: 'Lisa says something about Lisa. Lisa says: X happened to Lisa.' literals = [lisa, says, something, about, lisa, dot, lisa, says, colon, x_as_noun, happened, to, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-19c: 'Lisa says: "Tony sees me."' literals = [lisa, says, colon, quote, tony, sees, me, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-20a definiendum: 'Tony says to Lisa: "I can see you.".' literals = [tony, says, to, lisa, colon, quote, i_pronoun, can, see, you, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-20a definiens: 'Tony says something about Lisa. # Tony says this to Lisa. Tony says: Tony can see Lisa.' literals = [tony, says, something, about, lisa, dot, tony, says, this_as_pronoun, to, lisa, dot, tony, says, colon, tony, can, see, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-20b: "I know you have something good." literals = [i_pronoun, know, you, have, something, good, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-20c: "I want you to do something good for me." literals = [i_pronoun, want, you, to, do_, something, good, for_, me, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-21a definiendum: 'Tony says: "X happens here.".' literals = [tony, says, colon, quote, x_as_noun, happens, here, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-21a definiens: "Tony is in a place. Tony says: X happens in this place." literals = [tony, is, in_, a_as_art, place, dot, tony, says, colon, x_as_noun, happens, in_, this, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-21b: "Many people were here at one time." literals = [many, people, were, here, at, one, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-22a definiendum: 'Lisa says: "X happens now.".' literals = [lisa, says, colon, quote, x_as_noun, happens, now, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-22a definiens: 'Lisa says something at a time. # Lisa says: X happens at this same time.' literals = [lisa, says, something, at, a_as_art, time, dot, lisa, says, colon, x_as_noun, happens, at, this, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-22b: "There are not many people here now." literals = [there, are, not_, many, people, here, now , dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-Fa: "Lisa says to Tony: "I can see many living things here."." literals = [lisa, says, to, tony, colon, quote, i_pronoun, can, see, many, living, things, here, dot, quote, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-G' do # Sentence 2-23a definiendum: 'Someone does X.' literals = [someone, does, x_as_noun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-23a definiens: 'Something does X. This something can # think like people think. This something can be one person.' literals = [something, does, x_as_noun, dot, this, something, can, think, like, people, think, dot, this, something, can, be_, a_as_art, person, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-23b: Someone said something to Tony. literals = [someone, said, something, to, tony, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-23c definiendum: 'J knows who did K.' literals = [j_, knows, who, did, k_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-23c definiens: J thinks about someone. # J knows this someone did K. literals = [j_, thinks, about, someone, dot, j_, knows, this, someone, did, k_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-23d: Tony knows who said something. literals = [tony, knows, who, said, something, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-24a definiendum: 'J happens after K happens.' literals = [j_, happens, after_, k_, happens, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-24a definiens: K happens before J happens. literals = [k_, happens, before, j_, happens, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-24b: After you do something for a long time, # you can know much more about this. literals = [after_, you, do_, something, for_, a_as_art, long, time, comma, you, can, know, much, more_as_adverb, about, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-25a definiendum: 'X is true for some time.' literals = [x_as_noun, is, true_, for_, some, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-25a definiens: X is true at a time. # Some parts of this one time happen before other parts. # Some parts of this one time happen after other parts. # X is true at all parts of this one time. literals = [x_as_noun, is, true_, at, a_as_art, time, dot, some, parts, of, this, one, time, happen, before_adverb, other, parts, dot, some, parts, of, this, one, time, happen, after_adverb, other, parts, dot, x_as_noun, is, true_, at, all, parts, of, this, one, time, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-25b: After I moved for some time, # I was near the other side of this place. literals = [after_, i_pronoun, moved, for_, some, time, comma, i_pronoun, was, near, the, other, side, of, this, place, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-26a definiendum: 'X happens in a moment.' literals = [x_as_noun, happens, in_, a_as_art, moment, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-26a definiens: X happens for one very short time. # There are not parts of this very short time when one part # happens before other parts. literals = [x_as_noun, happens, for_, one, very, short, time, dot, there, are, not_, parts, of, this, very, short, time, when_, one, part, happens, before_adverb, other, part, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-26b: In a moment, I knew something here was not good. # 'here' is adverb that modifies the 'knew' verb literals = [in_, a_as_art, moment, comma, i_pronoun, knew, something, here, was, not_, good, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-Gx: Tony is inside this thing for some time. # Lisa says: "I want to know who is inside this thing.". # Tony hears Lisa. Because of this, Tony says: "I am inside.". # Tony says this after Tony hears Lisa. literals = [tony, is, inside, this, thing, for_, some, time, dot, lisa, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, want, to, know, who, is, inside, this, thing, dot, quote, dot, tony, hears, lisa, dot, because, of, this_as_pronoun, comma, tony, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, am, inside, dot, quote, dot, tony, says, this_as_pronoun, after_, tony, hears, lisa, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 2-H' do # Sentence 2-27a definiendum: 'X is the body of this person.' literals = [x_as_noun, is, the, body, of, this, person, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-27b "Parts of this person can touch other things. # Parts of this person can touch other parts inside this person. # X is all of these parts of this person." # [One part of the body of this person felt very bad.] literals = [ parts, of, this, person, can, touch, other, things, dot, parts, of, this, person, can, touch, other, parts, inside, this, person, dot, x_as_noun, is, all, of, these, parts, of, this, person, dot, one, part, of, the, body, of, this, person, felt, very, bad, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-28a definiendum "X dies." literals = [x_as_noun, dies, dot] expect { subject.to_ptree(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-28b definiens "Something happens to X in a moment. # X is alive before this moment. X is not alive after this moment. # [After this person lived for a long time, this person died." literals = [ something, happens, to, x_as_noun, in_, a_as_art, moment, dot, x_as_noun, is, alive, before_adverb, this, moment, dot, x_as_noun, is, not_, alive, after_adverb, this, moment, dot, after_, this, person, lived, for_, a_as_art, long, time, comma, this, person, died, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-29a definiendum "You think maybe X is true." literals = [you, think, maybe, x_as_noun, is, true_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-29b definiens "You think something like X # can be true. You do not know X is true. # You do not know X is not true. # [Maybe some people far from here can see me.]" literals = [ you, do_aux, not_, know, x_as_noun, is, true_, dot, you, do_aux, not_, know, x_as_noun, is, not_, true_, dot, maybe, some, people, far_from, here_as_noun, can, see, me, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-30a definiendum "J is below K." literals = [j_, is, below, k_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-30b definiens "K is above J. # [I am touching this thing below me.] literals = [ j_, is, below, k_, dot, i_pronoun, am, touching, this, thing, below, me, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 2-H extra "Someone sees this thing. # The body of this thing is not moving. # Maybe this thing is dead." literals = [ someone, sees, thing, dot, the, body, of, this, thing, is_aux, not_, moving, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 3-A' do # Sentence 3-01a definiendum: 'J happens to something that does K.' literals = [j_, happens, to, something, that, does, k_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-01b definiens: 'J happens to something. # This same something does K. # [Tony has something that Lisa wants.]' literals = [j_, happens, to, something, dot, this, same, thing, does, k_, dot, tony, has, something, that, lisa, wants, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-02a definiendum: 'J is true, and K is true.' literals = [j_, is, true_, comma, and_, k_, is, true_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-02b definiens: 'These two things are true: J is true. # K is true.' # [Lisa sees Tony, and Tony sees Lisa.]' literals = [these, two, things, are, true_, colon, j_, is, true_, dot, k_, is, true_, dot, lisa, sees, tony, comma, and_, tony, sees, lisa, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-02c definiendum: 'J and K do X.' literals = [j_, and_, k_, do_, x_as_noun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-02d definiens: 'These two things do X. # J is one that does this. # K is another that does this.' # [Tony and Lisa want to see me.] # [I see Tony and Lisa.]' literals = [these, two, things, do_, x_as_noun, dot, j_, is, one_as_adj, that, does, this_as_pronoun, dot, k_, is, another, that, does, this_as_pronoun, dot, tony, and_, lisa, want, to, see, me, dot, i_pronoun, see, tony, and_, lisa, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-03a definiendum: 'J is true, or K is true.' literals = [j_, is, true_, comma, or_, k_, is, true_, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-03b definiens: 'If J is not true, then K is true. # [Tony saw me, or Lisa heard me.] literals = [if_, j_, is, not_, true_, comma, then_, k_, is, true_, dot, tony, saw, me, comma, or_, lisa, heard, me, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-03c definiendum: 'J or K does this.' literals = [j_, or_, k_, does, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-03d definiendum: 'If J does not do this, then K does this.' literals = [if_, j_, does_aux, not_, do_, this_as_pronoun, comma, then_, k_, does, this_as_pronoun, dot] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-03e: '[Lisa or Tony said something.] # [This belongs to Tony or Lisa.]' literals = [lisa, or_, tony, said, something, dot, this_as_pronoun, belongs, to, tony, or_, lisa, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-04a definiendum: 'It does something.' literals = [it_, does, something, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-04b definiens: 'This thing does something.' # [I touched this thing, and it moved.] literals = [this, thing, does, something, dot, i_pronoun, touched, this, thing, comma, and_, it_, moved, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-04c definiendum: 'They do something.' literals = [they, does, something, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-04d definiens: 'These things or people do something.' # [Something happens to them.] = Something happens to these things or people. literals = [ these, things, or_, people, do_, something, dot, something, happens, to, them, dot, something, happens, to, these, things, or_, people, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end it 'should parse sample sentences from lesson 3-B' do # Sentence 3-05a definiendum: 'This is its X.' literals = [this_as_pronoun, is, its, x_as_noun, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-05b definiens: 'This X belongs to it. # [I saw this thing and touched some of its parts.] # [These things are their things.] = These things belong to them. literals = [this, x_as_noun, belongs, to, it_, dot, i_pronoun, saw, this, thing, and_, touched, some, of, its, parts, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-05c definiendum: 'These things are their things.' literals = [these, things, are, their, things, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-05d definiens: 'These things belong to them. literals = [these, things, belong, to, them, dot, ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-06a definiendum: 'This is your X.' literals = [this_as_pronoun, is, your, x_as_noun, dot, ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-06b definien: 'This X belongs to you. # [You feel something touching your body.] literals = [this, x_as_noun, belongs, to, you, dot, you, feel, something, touching, your, body, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-07a definiendum: 'This is my X.' literals = [this_as_pronoun, is, my, x_as_noun, dot, ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-07b definiens: 'This X belongs to me. # [I do not want you to touch my body.] literals = [this, x_as_noun, belongs, to, me, dot, i_pronoun, do_aux, not_, want, to, touch, my, body, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-08a definiendum: 'There is an X here.' literals = [there, is, an, x_as_noun, here, dot, ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-0bb definiens: 'X is some kind of thing. # There is one of this kind of thing here. # This is not one that you said something about a short time before now. # [I did not know there was a person in this place.] literals = [x_as_noun, is, some, kind, of, thing, dot, there, is, one, of, this, kind, of, thing, here, dot, this_as_pronoun, is, not_, one_as_adj, that, you, said, something, about, a_as_art, short, time, before, now_as_noun, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error # Sentence 3-Bxa 'Lisa sees a living thing that is very big. # Lisa says: "I see one living thing. Its body is bigger than my body.", dot literals = [ lisa, sees, a_as_art, living, thing, that, is, very, big, dot, lisa, says, colon, quote, i_pronoun, see, one, living, thing, dot, its, body, is, bigger, than, my, body, dot, quote, dot ] expect { subject.to_pforest(literals) }.not_to raise_error end =begin TODO Lesson 2.C Xtra: Tony knows Lisa has something, because Tony sees what Lisa has. Tony thinks about what Lisa has, because Tony want to have the same kind of thing. =end end # context end # describe end # module end # module